The Use Of Technology To Infuence Previous Generations Essay Example for Free

The Use Of Technology To Infuence Previous Generations Essay Introduction There is a common saying that necessity is the mother of invention. Most inventions were designed to make our lives more comfortable and to improve our standards of living. The internet was initially designed to provide a reliable communications network that could be used even if some sites were destroyed by nuclear attack (Howe, 2007). Routers would be used to direct traffic around the network by means of alternate routes if most direct route was not accessible. It was made solely for national defense. In those days, the internet was not user friendly and it was solely used by computer professionals, engineers, scientists and librarians. Due to its complex system, home or personal computers were not available. The Baby Boomers or those who are within the age of 43 and above have seen the advent of telephone, transistor radios, black and white television sets, typewriters and automobiles that created changes in the lifestyle of some individuals. As technology progress, we can now see a lot of modern appliances and better equipments than ever before. These days, we have digital phones and mobile phones, mp3 players and iPods, high definition television sets, computers and more sophisticated automobiles. The days of heavy and bulky gadgets that are often left at homes and offices are over. These days, we can see people walking around carrying a phone, listening to music or radio on the streets, watching the news on their mobile phones and using laptops in the restaurants. The functions and the features of these gadgets are getting better each day. Smaller, slimmer and lighter gadgets provide comfort and portability for most consumers. We have grown to be totally dependent on technology. The question that we need to raise now is for whom was these gadgets designed for? Were the electronic companies targeting the mature consumers or the young generation users? Did the present generation influence the Baby Boomers to use their technology? What are the effects of technological determinism in our society and culture? Technological Determinism Defined Technology means tools and gadgets such as mobile phone, computer, internet, iPod, etc. while determinism means that it is technology which determines the type and degree of social change and the course of history (Johnson, 1955). The term technological determinism was coined by Thorstein Veblen, an American sociologist and economist (Chandler, 1996). It refers to the assumption that the new technologies are the primary cause of major cause of major social and historical changes at the macrosocial level of social structure and processes and/or subtle but profound social and psychological influences at the microsocial level of the regular use of particular kinds of tool (ibid.). It is the belief that technology develops by its own laws, realizes its own potential, limited only by the material resources available and regarded as an autonomous system controlling and ultimately permeating all other subsystems of society (Web Dictionary of Cybernetics and System, n.d.). Marshall McLuhan, the philosopher and electronic media guru defined technological determinism simply as â€Å"we shape our tools and in turn they shape us† (Huster, 2000). McLuhan (1962) state that when media technology was introduced, it has shaped the way people in a society talk, write, feel and think and the channels of communication are the primary cause of cultural change. It also change the way our society operates from one technological age to another. Hence, a change in the medium is a change in society’s way of communicating. Today, people use mobile phones for wireless communication and instant messaging for talking through computer. Technological determinism is a school of thought believing that technology is the single most important factor in determining the success of an organization (Oxford University Press, 2005). The advancement of technology is a sign of the countries’ progress. The creation of technology cannot be avoided. The believers in technological determinism often fear the impact of technology. They are the critique of technological progress and oppose the belief that technology is the only determinant of change. Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y The early Baby Boomers were born between 1946 to 1964 and aged between 43 to 61 (Marchand, 1979). They are starting to retire. Generation X is a term used to describe generations who were born between 1965 and 1980 and aged between 28 to 42 and they are noted for being the most tech friendly generations in American history (Wikipedia, 2007). They are referred to as Gen X, Gen Xers or Xgen. These generations have founded billion-dollar companies like Yahoo, Google, and You-tube among others. The term Generation Y is used to describe those children born between 1981 to 1995 (Markiewicz, 2003). Today, the term has changed to include anyone born as early as 1976 to late as 2000. The term Generation Y is often shortened to Gen Y, Gen Yers or Ygen or Gyen. They are primarily children of the Baby Boomers. Baby Boomers and Technology New research shows that the Baby Boomers nowadays are overwhelmed by high-tech gadgets that often make them feel embarrassed, unhappy or plain dumb (Hendrick, 2005). The age of the person is a factor that contributes to the feeling of intimidation. Only 36 percent of those who are below the age of 40, said that they were tech-shy. However, 43 percent of those who are above 40 and 49 percent for those who are 55 and above claimed to be intimidated. Among the 28,000 people interviewed, close to 50 percent of those who are younger than 40 adapt to new technology while 29 percent of those older than 40 are not willing to try out the new gadgets. Findings also show that the new gadgets are not attractive to people who are using corrective lenses. Hence, some products need to be redesigned without complicated instructions and intimidating features if companies intend to attract the older Baby Boomers. A strong preference for a human guide or instructor on the usage of any gadget is evident for those who are 50 years old and above. These people are intimidated, annoyed and less patient to read the instructions written on the manual and prefer sales people to show them how to operate a digital camera, mobile phone, TiVo, iPod or PDA. The rapid change of technology magnified their inability to catch up and accept change. Just when they are comfortable with the gadget that they have mastered, a new one emerge on the market that makes them feel that they need to relearn things all over again when they upgrade their device. Although more women are using instant messaging on computers or cellphones, gender is not a factor in terms of being intimidated with the new gadgets. Age remains to be a deciding factor in their acceptance of these new devices. The older they are, the less interested they become. It is very common that older people have poor eyesight and they have difficulties in reading the messages, menus, icons and toolbars. Therefore, when manufacturers design products, they must consider the needs of the aging population. The Influence of Technology The present technological environment is the major crossroad in the history of communication. Today so many people rely on the internet as a source of information and a medium of communication. Instead of going to the post office to mail the letters that we have written, we use the email as a quicker and convenient means of communication. The internet has also provided a cheaper means of communication. Now, people use the broadband to keep in touch with anyone instead of spending for costly overseas calls. Students use the internet to do their research homework instead of using the school or public libraries. People read the news on the internet instead of reading the newspaper or watching the news on television. Some prefer to shop online instead of going to the department store. On one hand, technology has reduced time consumption, eliminated the inconvenience of traveling, and facilitated inexpensive global communication. On the other hand, the electronic advantage has also made human interaction and socialization suffer as a lot of people these days prefer to spend so much time staying in front of their personal computers. The ultimate effect of the internet is undefined and unpredictable. Its long term impact remains uncertain. However, the internet is a typical example where we shaped a tool, and now that tool is shaping us. In the 1700s, fossil coal was developed as a source of energy when England ran out of wood. However, the continuous digging of coal mines resulted in a flood and the removal of water from the mines using hand operated pumps became inadequate. Hence, the steam engine was developed to solve the problem. As time progresses, the steam engine was used in textile factories, locomotives, steamboats, farm equipment and power plants that resulted in an increase demand for iron, steel and coal (Merkel, 2000). This demand resulted in large-scale coal and iron ore mining and steel plants. Labor union movement and industrial revolution emerged that gave rise to human progress and wealth. The steam engine is also a classic example of technological determinism. Mobile Technology for all Generations In terms of connective technology, mobile phones and internet usage are widely used around the world. In a study made by InsightExpress (2007), 80 percent of the 2015 mobile respondents in the USA owned a mobile phone, while 78 percent of the Americans have internet access spread evenly across the generations. Leading the survey is Gen Y (ages 18-24) at 85 percent, followed closely by Gen X (25-44) at 82 percent, younger Baby Boomers (45-54) at 80 percent, and older Baby Boomers (55-64) at 79 percent. With regards to their plans in upgrading their mobile devices, over half of Gen Y-ers and 37 percent for Gen X-ers plan to upgrade next year or so, and 30 percent of younger Boomers and 24 percent of older Boomers plan to upgrade next year. This indicates that all generations want the latest mobile gadgets. In terms of having mobile phones that allow users to connect to people and information in a variety of ways, 51 percent of Gen Y-ers have mobile phones that can access the internet followed by 47 percent of Gen X-ers, 39 percent of younger Boomers and 32 percent of older Boomers. This shows that the Boomers are not far behind from the Gen Y-ers and Gen X-ers. In addition, 75 percent of younger Boomers have text messaging capabilities, 54 percent have ring tones, and 52 percent have camera phones. Mobile Behavior Sending text messages is a cheaper means of communication in comparison with making phone calls. Forty-three percent of the Gen Y sends text messages on a daily basis while 16 percent of the younger Boomers and 10 percent of older Boomers text daily. This may be attributed to the fact that the Gen Y-ers are not as financially stable as the Baby Boomers; hence their preferences for an economical mode of communication. A strong preference for calling instead of sending text messages may be due to the Boomers desire for a faster and easier ways of communicating. When it comes to accessing the mobile internet daily, the survey finds that 8 percent of Gen Y uses the mobile internet while 4 percent of the younger Boomers and 3 percent of the older Boomers do so. The temptation of using the mobile phones is strong for individuals of all ages. In spite of the laws in many states against using mobile phones while driving, the survey reveals that 47 percent of Gen Y-ers, 42 percent of Gen X-ers, 37 percent of younger Boomers and 28 percent of older Boomers send and receive text messages while driving. All generations engage in the practice of talking on the phone without a hands-free device. The research conducted by InsightExpress clearly shows that mobile technology is widely used and accepted by the consumers regardless of their age. Although the Gen X-ers and the Gen Y-ers grew up with the sophisticated gadgets, the Boomers have managed to adapt to the rapidly changing technology. Regardless of whether the internet or mobile devises were designed, produced and marketed today or tomorrow, people of all generations will accept anything that would make their lives comfortable. Generation Gap Although there are studies made that the older generations are moving towards acceptance of the technology of the present generation, a generation gap still exist in terms of the usage of the latest gadgets. A survey and news articles revealed that a conflict between generations exist when it comes to using online services (Pew/Internet American Life Project, 2005). While the younger generations are impatient with the older generations’ sluggishness to adopt the latest online product, there is a strong value for privacy among the older generation who believe that any private information should not be published on the internet (Nussbaum, 2007). Hence, while the youngsters are having fun with the social networking tool as MySpace, Skype, ot YouTube, in searching for friends, and contacts, the oldsters still prefer a face-to-face contact (Hamm, 2007). They also use the information superhighway to post videos to and pictures of their weddings, and the birth of their children. Teenagers prefer to use instant messaging or text messaging for talking to friends to reach them wherever they are or post to a communications network and they use e-mail to communicate with old people and with their professors (Carnevale, 2006). Although 86 percent of more than 1,300 students at the University of Illinois at Chicago have not given up on email, they often consider messages coming from their colleges a form of spam (ibid.). People who are born from the internet generation have innate technological skills and they require little or no training in usage. This however, does not suggest that older adults do not go online. They also use the internet for banking activities, do online shopping, share pictures of their families, and download music and movies. The big difference lies in the fact that the seniors have the money to pay for these activities. The older groups were not as fast to pick up on the information on a Web site and they do not see the links as quickly as the younger group (Zook, 2007). The web designs are not as comfortable to the older generations although suppliers of user generated online content are not age restricted and all generations are included when describing social networking phenomenon (Dye, 2007). The major purpose of using new technology in creating blogs, website, emails or text or instant messages is to enable the users to communicate effectively and to connect people with a shared purpose, regardless of whether they belong to the generations of Baby Boomers, X-ers or Y-ers. What matters is to know how to reach them in their own world and in their own preferred medium. Technological Determinism One of the debates in the field of science, technology and society studies is whether technology has shaped society or has society influenced the development of technology. The former is associated with technological determinism and notions of technology as a force dominating other basic social institutions. The latter is associated with social construction of technology. Langdon Winner was the leading defender of some aspects of the technological determinism thesis in his first book, Autonomous Technology: Technics-out-of-Control (Cutchliffe and Mitcham, 2001). In the chapter â€Å"Do Artifacts Have Politics?† of his second book, The Whale and the Reactor: A Search for Limits in an Age of High Technology, Winner noted the irony of the contentions of the strongest defenders of technology who felt that although technology is beneficial, it is impossible to change the direction of its development. With this contention, we can now question ourselves as to whether our history has been defined by its technologies considering the technological development of our times. If we trace our technological development, we can say that we have progressed from â€Å"stone age†, â€Å"iron age† and now â€Å"computer age†. If the change in technology is good for all, why can’t we just accept and live with it? If technology is not good, why is there an absence of control in its progress and why is there no move in stopping technology? These questions can help us assess the strength or weakness of the self-directed force that technology has brought in our culture. The focus on technology and society debates was believed to be the important features of technology and technological change. One can only recognize that since Generation Y has grown with technology and Generation X started to modernized technology, they may welcome its progress and changes without even considering about its outcome in the society. In contrast, the economist, historians and social theorists would continue to stress that the force of technological change followed a path where its outcomes are predictable. To understand the effects of these changes will lead us to investigate the effects of modernization on human communication. Modernization means the appearance of modes of social life or organization that emerged in Europe from about the seventeenth century onwards which became worldwide in their influence (Giddens, 1991). Modernization theory has evolved in three waves and it explains the changing ways of communication and media use in traditional and post modern societies (University of Twente, 2004). The first wave of theory produced three variants in the development of economic, literacy and cultural and national identity most of which have been discredited because of their pro-Western bias (McQuail, 2000). The second wave of modernization theory does not support but criticize the influence of Western modernization that became popular in the 1970s and 1980s (Schiller, 1976). The third wave of theory that has risen in the 1990s attempts to expose the contradictions in the modernization process and explains the consequences of modernity for individuals in modern-day society (Giddens, 1991a, 1991b). It is neither in favor nor against modernization. Giddens showed that while traditional society is based on direct interaction between people living close to each other, modern society is characterized by time-space distantiation and disembedding mechanisms. Hence, Van Dijk (1993) stressed that the rise of computer networks and mobile telephony is an important tool for modern life. This will enable us to keep our interactions with people across the globe. As Stewart Brand (1995) explains to the readers of Wired magazine, â€Å"Technology is rapidly accelerating and you have to keep up.† Technology is the product of human action and the result of the workings of dynamic processes. As the outcome of past action and constraint, it has the potential to shape and enable action. It is not analogous to social structure because it takes material form; hence, technology does not acquire the status of a natural resource. Technology is always a product of human action and knowledge and always requires further knowledge and action to maintain and reproduce it (Garnsey, 1994). The experience of technology is often the experience of an ineluctable force which structures our way of life in ways we cannot control, as the forces of nature might do (Hill, 1988). An analysis of technology is presented in studies of the sociology of science and technology (Latour, 1987; Bijker et al., 1989) and resolves many of the problems of determinism that gave rise to the mechanical conceptions of technology. Barley (1986) and Orlikowski (1990) have shown that the concepts of structuration theory can be applied to the analysis of the role of technology in organizations and in social systems. But because technology takes material form, it may be misleading to treat it as a structural property of social systems as Orlikowski (1990) has proposed. Unlike technology, social structures and structural properties have no material existence. Social structures exist by virtue of the knowledge and actions of those who instantiate them through their practices; structure is seen as both medium and outcome of human action (Giddens, 1984). The physical interactions which are manifestations of social structure are not exhaustive of the relationships associated with those interactions; in giving primacy to physical interaction certain behavioral approaches come close to reifying social structure (Wellman and Berkowitz, 1988). Social structures draw on shared knowledge, on rules and roles, on shared symbolism and mutual expectations. Unlike social structure, technology can take material form. Technology has a physical form and is manifest as a set of entities, though a broader conception includes the knowledge and social practices required to create and activate technology. The problem of reification does not arise in relation to technology. With the growth of information systems, technologies have a symbolic dimension in the written word and number, reminding us that social systems are made up of symbolic as well as physical interaction. Mowery and Rosenberg (1979) pointed out that human needs are almost infinite and often long felt, and cannot explain the emergence of a particular invention at a certain time. They also criticized a series of confusing studies undertaken in the 1960s and 1970s which illustrated market demand as the force behind innovation. Eventually, Mowery and Rosenberg came to the conclusion that innovation is the result of the interaction between science and technology push factors (Katsikides, 1994). Freeman (1987) states that new technological systems can offer such great technical and economic advantages to a wide range of industries and services that their adoption becomes a necessity in any economy exposed to competitive economic, social, political and military pressures. Increasingly in this century, the world-wide diffusion of such new techno-economic paradigms dominates the process of technical change for several decades and powerfully influences economic and social developments even though it does not uniquely determine them (ibid.). Technological developments, like other social, economic and technical approaches, are not socially neutral, and in the end they deal with different traditions e.g. European, US, Scandinavian, Japanese, etc. (Katsikides, 1997). They accumulate social processes and reflect them, or, as Thomas Kuhn (1970), put it, a failure to assimilate fully new conditions and technology will strain the existing structures of society. Conclusion As we examine the progress of technology, we cannot deny the impact that technological development and innovation has brought to our society. Although researches have shown that the latest gadgets are challenging and frustrating for the Baby Boomers, there are studies that also revealed that this generation have accepted the use of the internet and mobile phones for communication. Although generation gap exists in terms of technology usage among the Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y, there are companies today that are designing user friendly gadgets for the Baby Boomers. This only shows that the industry has seen a growing market for the older group of people who are financially stable and have better purchasing capabilities. Hence, the design of the future technology will be made for all generations regardless of age. Technology, being a product of human action and knowledge, require further knowledge and action for its maintenance and reproduction. It has structured our way of life in ways we cannot control. The use of technology to enhance communication has greatly influence people to adapt to the medium that will enable them to send and receive messages that are commonly use by the norm. This explains that with every development of new systems of technology, our culture or society will change and adapt to that technology. There is no end to the continuous development and improvement of technology because we are living in a fast paced world where everyone spends more time away from home. Changes are inevitable and necessary. The theory of technological determinism will only be proven wrong if a new technology is invented and nothing changes in our society. Bibliography Barley, S. (1986). Technology as an occasion for structuring: evidence from observation of CT scanners and the social order of radiology departments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31, 78-108. Bijker, W., Hughes, T. and Pinch, T. (1989). The social construction of technology. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. Brand, S. (1995). Two Questions, in Scenarios: The Future of the Future. Wired, 3(11) 28-46. Carnevale, D. (2006). E-Mail is for Old People, by Chronicle of Higher Education: Information Technology. October 6, 2006. Retrieved December 24, 2007 from http://chronicle.com/free/v53/i07/07a02701.htm. Chandler, C. (1996). Shaping and Being Shaped. CMC Magazine. February 1, 1996. Retrieved December 25, 2007 from http://www.december.com/cmc/mag/1996/feb/ chantd.html. Cutchliffe, S. and Mitcham, C. (Eds.) (2001). Visions of sts: counterpoints in science, technology, and society studies. New York: State University of New York Press. Dijk, J.A.G.M. van (1993b). Communication Networks and Modernization. Communication Research, 20(3), 384 407. Dye, J. (2007). Meet Generation C: Creatively Connecting Through Content. Information Age. Freeman, C. (1987). Technology policy and economic performance: lessons from Japan. London: Printer Publishers. Giddens, A. (1984). 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The effects of fast food

The effects of fast food The effects of fast food Abstract Focused a growing body of research on the reasons for the existence of a relationship of risk of obesity and health problems among children nationally and globally. Has been examining a number of factors and circumstances to determine their contribution to childhood obesity and health problems associated with it genetic factors, physical activity, and family factors, and diet including the role of junk food. Research also suggests that low-income and minority children have higher rates of obesity and health problems of their fellow whites. This presentation focuses on the perspective of African-American marketing junk food to children and adolescents, where we conducted focus groups for marketing junk food to children and adolescents. Introduction Everyone knows that fast food contributes to obesity, but what are the effects of other nutrients do not be quick on your health? Of course, the answer depends on what kind of snacks you eat, although there are some common elements in almost all fast food. This is one of sodium. Why buy more fast food and soda, and add lots of salt. The problem is that it tends to salt causes high blood pressure, which is usually not a good thing, because this can cause some of the plague that had accumulated in the arteries or veins of the Special package, which can then travel to your heart or brain causing heart attacks or strokes . Another common ingredient in junk food and sugar, which is not only in beverages, desserts, French fries, but also because is sprayed on to make them crispy when fried. Sugar in itself is not a bad thing, but does not speed up the metabolism for a moment that can make you feel warm. Also, if you do not do something to burn excess energy that is converted many of them into glucose, which feeds the fat cells, causing them to get bigger, which means that the weight gain. Even a lot of fast food fried, which makes food taste good, but add a lot of calories in the diet, which can affect life. Furthermore, it is because a lot of frying oils by the cholesterol puts you at risk of heart attack and stroke and the proportion of cholesterol, which becomes a plague, and winds up to attack inside the veins and arteries. The problem is more serious if the food was fried, which fell in the dough mixture into the contract because more than fat, which means more fat and cholesterol. The same applies to the fried meat, like hamburgers. More drinks offered at fast food restaurants even caffeine, which causes them in your metabolism to speed up a bit , which may or may not be a good thing, depending on whether the person has an interest, and when. On the effects of fast food The case was a public relations disaster for McDonalds. The more McDonalds tried to do, and revealed the worst. Until the mock trial still requires a certain respect for the truth and the truth of this study is able to circumvent the censorship of the media, thanks to the usual potential for the democratization of the Internet. Such as a flood of information flowing from the erosion of people with the versatility of the company, Whats wrong with McDonalds, as it could be a few hundred of the eyes, and before it was burning in an endless stream of protest literature ignored, are now known to millions. McDonalds spends $ 1800000000 a year for different types of public relations, and is one of the biggest names in the business world, in recent times in the first place, for example, of the brands advertised to appear on television in prime time in the United States. For the sale of a commodity for large numbers of people in the brutal conditions of competition, it must be public immediately recognize his name and associate it with something of value. The McDonalds official break the Olympic Games 1996, has the franchise in 1998 and the Olympic Games 2000 in prison, too, and signed an agreement for a period of ten years with the Foundation for Walt Disney to become the global marketing of the first partner of the fast food titan of mass culture. For some time been the darling of the camera. In the past year, for example, New York Sunday Times Magazine waxed passionate about restoring the basic values ​​of the company manufacturing fade: In this country, which is consid ered widely as the production lost its way, wrote Stephen Drucker, McDonalds hamburger is a production company that Impala, left once in the assembly line for General Motors. Deserves no less attention to detail in marketing: Encouraging children to stay at home over the past decade, McDonalds has built stadiums that are often cleaner, safer and play areas best kept in the local community; 40. Per cent of the Restaurants of America for the company have now. With this announcement and Budget billion dollars, The majority of children learn about the golden arches and Ronald McDonald for two years. Its paradise regular: Only in the area of ​​the golden arches do not come with life insurance: everything will be safe and cheap , cheerful and reassuring, familiar and incredibly this is the Disneyland of food, the land of permanent adolescent fun, one. those happy, carefree world of business, which is always built on the basis of full control and is not visible. This is also what is being sought from the highest value of the dollar on public relations. McLibel up came along, people must believe that McDonalds lived a life of charm. When it is mentioned steel and Morris, McDonalds hopes to bury under a mountain of conflicting data. Instead, it has the form of excruciating detail the required certificate from the McLibel in a coherent picture of a single company in history: industrialization before eating. McDonalds does not produce simply hamburger, but it must also produce a desire to burgers, and all types of food suitable for its purpose, which is to produce meals lowest price possible and sell them to people as possible in the shortest time possible, and thus compensate for the lower profit margin for each meal, with quantum multitude of food. Fast food is short for this new type of industry. In summary, with the division of artificial, but useful perhaps the band: 1. Direct effects on ecosystems, non-human Focused a large part of this process on the effects of the production of beef on the rainforest, and suffering of animals slaughtered for hamburgers and chicken McNuggets. With regard to deforestation, and insists that McDonalds uses only beef from North America and Europe (mainly UK) sources. However, things are not as simple as that, first, because of 330 points of sale of beef from Brazil, and the use of land, some of which were authorized by the rainforest, second, because beef and Brazilian Costa Rica produced from these lands and made sometimes its way North, and finally and most importantly , because the global consumption of beef can only lead to a significant increase to the extent that McDonalds has its own way, especially with regard to new invaded the Asian market. Higher sales of hamburger can only lead to increased pressure to remove the global forest all over the world, but this can be distributed. And the worlds largest user of beef and the second largest user of Chicken, McDonalds and most of the responsibility for what is wrong in raising and slaughtering these animals. There is a heavy burden associated with killing and eating other creatures that have a spiritual ritual for centuries. There are manufacturing slaughter, in which the body becomes a simple article to be converted into cash. This removes any reciprocity between hunter and prey, and dissolves all the spiritual senses in cash. While accelerating the process with fast food, and increases the unbridled cruelty as well. Thus, It is estimated that no less than 12000 cattle slaughtered for McDonalds restaurants in the UK each year to be incomplete numbing, conscious that time and even death, while chicken egg production should live their entire lives confined to cages battery about 7 of 10 inches in size , According to the testimony of the company. Apparently planned to turn into a McDonalds egg, but gave up after l earning that battery eggs are 50 percent less than that. 2. A direct impact on the human body The main problems that have to do with safety and nutritional value of foods that are not transmitted with the success of McDonalds relentless. The companys image haunted his work really cut here given the widespread belief that these companies sell junk food, a choice of words is reasonable in view of the fact that nutrition experts almost universally agree that the type of food sold by McDonalds is bad for you. With 28 grams of fat, including saturated 12.6 in Big Mac and 22 grams is more than French fries, along with 52 food additives used in their various products, it is hardly surprising that an internal memo the company does-General: I do not we can really address or defend Nutrition does not sell nutrition and people do not come to McDonalds for nutrition .. When the companys experts, cancer, Dr. Sydney Arnott, was asked for his opinion, the statement that associated with a diet rich in fat, sugar and animal products and salt and low in fiber, vitamins and minerals with brea st cancer and bowel disease and heart, he replied: If you directly to the public, so I think its very reasonable to say The implications of the McDiet to certain diseases are suggestive, even if questionable. But there can be no doubt that as the spearhead of McDonalds fast food industry, and the primary focus is to transfer more of the molecules in the body collectively. What happens to these particles, ingested once does not mean at all. However, since we still live under the law of conservation of matter, life is increasingly unstable since for many, and can be a block of meat that has fat and sugar in McDiet only increase. Since the fast food industry is growing, and then, people have to weight gain. Obviously, you can not blame McDonalds for all the fat transferred to the meat group. As it is quite clear, and it embodies the process, Marion Nestle, head of studies of nutrition and food in New York University, calls the nightmare of nutrition . We continue to believe the amount of fat and trans fats in the American diet go up. We expect to see the direction of increased body weight as well. In fact, the weight of the body of the citizens of the United States, after holding steady in the years 1960 and 1970, to begin to rise in 1980, at the same time that McDonalds began a large expansion. Now, in 1990, a campaign to improve the nutrition that accompanied the first wave of environmental awareness seems to be stalled. We have abandoned the McDonalds hamburger in a low-fat McLean Deluxe, and, along with many other food shops, pays Super Size portions. The overall increase is concentrated in the fat on the poor, especially the poor and the colors used for meals and austerity relatively healthy, while the rich white bread consumed, and the ribs. Today, however, the tabouli and absorbs the rich eat the poor Big Mac To a large extent, these trends are growing crops in all parts of the world, especially in Asia, and the current global economic dynamo. Since McDonalds first planted its flag in Hong Kong, 25 of the first 50 points of sale all over the world there, and the average weight of local teenager by 13 percent, and ages of girls in menstruation and decreased to 12, compared with 17 in mainland China. Hong Kong is now the second highest level of cholesterol baby in the world, after Finland. At the same time, in the 25 years since McDonalds entered Japan, the balance of control 2000.60 percent of the market of meat and fat consumption per capita has tripled. With 10000 and the means of planning for Japan and China before the looming as the biggest market of all, its no wonder Warren Buffett, the worlds largest investor, has contributed 1.3 billion U.S. dollars from McDonalds. With regard to food safety, violations and various states of bacterial infection have been documented in this process. We do not need these details here, just note that if there was any substance to the widespread fears of mad cow disease and its spread to humans on behalf of the syndrome Creutzfeldt-Jakob (resulting from the policies of Thatchers market liberalization to allow the feeding offal from sheep to feed the cows that feed on people), then this is emerging as a legacy of McDonalds at least remember. 3. Impact on the work McDonalds labor practices, unfortunately, leave much to be desired. Saw dozens of former workers to defend the case McLibel wages and conditions are bad, while the trade unionists from all over the world have demonstrated their experience organizing in the face of McDonalds hostility to the work of the organization. McDonalds has admitted that he paid part of the staff in the UK without the legal minimum and that the staff will not allow them to carry out any overt union activity in the local McDonalds, on pain of firing. A survey of companies, restaurants secret in the UK and retail prices for the industry wage in 1992 that rates of the staff of McDonalds hours were 25 percent less than the rates of sales per hour: Some results of the certificate Retail and restaurant staff in 1993, and reached the sales team in the Kingdom United States of up to 120-150 percent, and analysis of official documents for the work of Bath, United Kingdom, shop for the year 1994 and showed hundreds of violations of labor standards and corporate policies in each month for rest periods, has described the character of the United Kingdom McDonalds always busy 40 percent of customers in a company-sponsored survey, approximately 25 percent of McDonalds time overtime for staff working in the UK to pay more than that, despite this being against company policy. These employees are relatively fortunate. Founded at least it does not work only for the Alliance of Disney McDonalds in Vietnam, where women 17 years of hard 9 to 10 hours a day, 7 days a week, earn less than 6 cents an hour as they do promotional gifts, games, many of which are Disney characters, to address McDonalds Happy Meal. (Thats right. $ 4.20 for the work week from 70 hours) in February, 200 workers fell ill, 25 collapsed were taken to hospital and three due to exposure to chemicals. However, their sacrifices are not all in vain. According to Vice President of McDonalds, Brad Ball, and happy characters and meals of 101 Dalmatians and the most successful film in the history of McDonalds. Ball added: As we embark on the new global alliance, and we expect great ten years of family fun, as unmatched customers enjoy Disney magic only at McDonalds. 4. Impacts on society Increasingly, the Foundation has the ability to impose himself directly to the company. When a company is in the way of McProgress, and presentations on the strength of the market and large number of workers or consumers, can be erased. In Mato Grosso do Sul, for example, the state that provide a large proportion of beef to stores Brazilian McDonalds, and the indigenous Guarani who once used 40 percent of the land is now left with less than 1 percent, and farms of cattle that have been taken plenty of rest. Effects are less serious, but widespread on an equal footing in the capital, where abound the markets. Note the peace and the media, and in March 1997, for example, joined the police Detroit Department in Washington, DC, and open 30 centers for the police community working at the ports of McDonalds, that this would and encouraged the police to eat McDonalds, even when the condition that the security services. But the transit company is leading the activities of the mind of the child. Beginning with McBaby to wear a sign that you can buy babies in places like Wal-Mart, McDonalds is sparing no effort to imprint itself on the company of children. Is in the spirit of the next formal step for the company and guide covert operations: Ronald McDonald loves food and McDonalds, and children, because they love Ronald Remember, children exercise a huge impact when it comes to the selection of this restaurant means that you should make every possible effort to appeal to the love of children an d Ronald McDonald. Finally, the direct pollution to the community through litter contrasts with the companys efforts to promote the same capitalist Super Green unique. Claims to be committed to McDonalds to cut 50 per cent of the volume of waste in addition to being the largest user of recycled paper in the field of food services. It boasts of being the first company to enter the trash patrol in the United Kingdom, as well as a range of other initiatives developed by the high-level environmental services. Unfortunately, the demands of accumulation in the high-volume, low cost of labor, industry and the rapid turnover in contrast to the green to the world. The Professor Graham Ashworth (Group General Manager salary Britain sponsored by McDonalds) to testify that McDonalds was the highest or 2 percent of all the companies products and eventually the garbage, and it is estimated that on any given day in the United Kingdom, the company vomiting 7.9 million items, such as take-away to end up on the road, p ointing to about 50 per cent to at least 140 Â £ of packaging waste per day produced by the average restaurant. When multiplied by the number of stores in the world, and garbage in the house the equivalent of more than 1 billion pounds of waste per year. The year of the Executive to think McDonalds UK in response to a question about the problems associated with waste disposal, this would be a problem at all, and that I do not see [the dumping of waste] to be an advantage, otherwise you end up with a lot of, drilling and extensive free gravel in all throughout the country. Conclusion In todays age of convenience, fast food does not need to be defined. Everyone from a boy at the age of 2 years, and grandfather of 60, seems to be able to enjoy all their possessions. And why not? Its delicious, and filling, its really cheap, and readily available at any time of day, being the only vehicle through a phone call. What more could you ask for when you live life in the fast lane? Well, a lot a taste of fast food is all fine except that it is not nutritionally balanced, and therefore long-term health, if consumed on a regular basis. Fast food is loaded with calories from fat and refined sugar (in particular, to fill the arteries of saturated fats and hydrogenated, which is often heated to high temperatures for frying). Its also very rich in sodium from common salt and other additives. And, above all, fast food is a lack of fiber and essential micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals. Adding insult to injury, is usually swallowed heaps of junk food down with a gallon of sugar-sweetened cola the fast-food restaurants with many of the free food as an incentive. Do not use short, all this leads to the accumulation of empty calories in the body that fat is stored in the body and until one day you look in the mirror and realize that has been replaced by your figure of this great creature in the mirror. But its not the end of history, is just the beginning a long time also a lot of fast food, it is not just a boy in a beautiful man obese ugly, but, as Eric Schlosser points out in his book Enable JavaScript to view this content page correctly and a major health hazard too.

Structured Teaching On Behavioral Problems

Structured Teaching On Behavioral Problems School age is the period between 6-12 years. Schoolers are emerging as creative persons who are preparing for their future role in society. The school years are a time of new achievement and new experiences. Childrens individual needs and preferences should be respected. Children who are productive and engaged in the school experience, whether academic or vocational, is not likely to become at risk student. All young children can be naughty, defiant and impulsive from time to time, which is perfectly normal. However, some children have extremely difficult and challenging behaviors that are outside the norm for their age. The behavior of some children and adolescent are hard to change. Children do not always display their reactions to events immediately although they may emerge later. Children who suffer from behavior disorders are at a higher risk for school failure, suicide, and mental health problems. A behavioral problem is a departure from normal (acceptable) behavior beyond a point, to the extent behavioral problems can manifest themselves in many ways. There are interchangeable terms for behavior disorders- disruptive behavior disorder, conduct disorders, emotional disorders, and emotional disturbances. Warning signs of behavior disorders include: Harming or threatening themselves, other people Damaging or destroying property Lying or stealing Not doing well in school, skipping school Early smoking, drinking or drug use Early sexual activity Frequent tantrums and arguments Consistent hostility towards authority figures. Children misbehave for a variety of different reasons. Children problems are often multi-factorial and the way in which they are expressed may be influenced by a range of factors including developmental stage, temperament, coping and adaptive abilities of the family, the nature and duration of illness. The school is an institution in society specifically designed as the formal instrument for educating children. School is a place where children spend the largest portion of their time outside the home. Schools should offer a safe and respectful learning environment for everyone. In addition to scholastic achievement, school experiences should contribute to healthy development in terms of harmonious interpersonal relations and positive self image. Teachers appear to be important social partners, as the quality of a teacher and child relationship has been related to several aspects of short and long-term school adaptation. Studies have shown that teachers may reject these children, respond to them with less support and punishment than other child receives. A parent is really the childs first teacher and critical to student success is the involvement of parent. A teacher is a person who provides students direct classroom teaching, or classroom-type teaching in a non-classroom setting, or educational services directly related to classroom teaching. Teachers play an influencing role in development of personality. Listening to childs problems is an important skill of a teacher. Disruptive behavior is a major factor contributing to teacher stress and discontent and significantly affects teachers capacity to maintain a productive and orderly learning environment. Most teachers and school personnel concur that they are able to identify behavioral and academic problems within first few weeks of a school year. Teachers expectations and actions greatly affect the childs behavior. Dealing with difficult or inappropriate behavior in schools can be a challenging task for any educator, regardless of experience. Teachers need to use positive interactive approaches than responding to inappropriate behaviors. Teachers need to communicate care and concern rather than a desire to punish when reacting to inappropriate behaviors. Children with behavioral problems have received more criticism and have suffered deterioration in their interactions with teachers over time. The early detection and treatment of children with behavioral problems at an early age may reduce treatment costs and improve quality of life of those children. Effective way of reducing behavioral problems can be through behavioral plan developed by parents, teachers, children, administrators and school staff. Use positive interactive approaches that remove the need for inappropriate behavior. The components include, inform pupil what is expected, avoid threats, build self confidence, use positive modeling and provide positive learning environment. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Review of literature is a key step in research process. The typical purpose for analyzing a review existing literature is to generate research question to identify what is known and what is not known about the topic. The major goals of review of literature are to develop a strong knowledge base to carry out research and non research scholarly activity. Review of literature from the present study is been divided into: Studies related to behavioral problems of school children Studies related to knowledge of teachers on behavioral problems of school children Studies related to structured teaching programme. Studies related to behavioral problems of school children Margrot Prior, Shanya Virasinghe and Diana Smart (2005) conducted a study on behavioral problems in Sri Lankan school children associations with socio economic status, age, gender, academic progress and religion. Using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire modified version of the rutter parent questionnaire including items on childrens strength: with parent, teacher and child informants, was administered to assess the mental health problems in this population. In this study 10 13 years children were included. The study concluded that rates and types of problems consistent with other international studies on children mental health. Problem rates were higher in boys and were associated with lower socio economic status, religion and poorer academic performance. The study confirms the need for development of child and adolescent health services in Sri Lanka. Sujit Sar Khel, Vinod Kumar Sinha, Mani Arora, Push De Sarkar (2006) done a study on prevalence of conduct disorder in schoolchildren of Kanke. The study included 240 students studying in class V to X. Stratified random sampling were used to estimate the prevalence of conduct disorder in children. Present and Lifetime Version screening interview was used to assess the children. The result showed that conduct disorder was found in 4.58%; the ratio of boys to girls being 4.5:1. Childhood onset was found in 73% and adolescent onset in 27%. Mild conduct disorder was found in 36%, moderate in 64% and severe conduct disorder in none. Manuel Barrera et al. (2002) gave an intervention on early elementary school to reduce conduct problems: A randomized trial with Hispanic and Non-Hispanic children. The study included European American (n = 116) and Hispanic (n = 168) children from 3 communities were randomly selected to an intervention or no-intervention control condition. Intervention families received parent training, and their children received social behavior interventions and supplementary reading instruction over a 2-year period. The study concluded that at the end of a 1-year follow-up, treated children showed less teacher-rated internalizing and less parent-rated coercive and antisocial behavior than controls. Maj Prakash, Brig .S. Sudarsanan, P.K. Pardal, S. Chaudhury (2006) conducted a study on behaviour problems in a paediatric outpatient department. A sample of 50 children between the ages of 6-14 years was selected randomly for the study. The data was collected by administering child behaviour check list to children. The study concluded that behaviour problems in the subjects were externalizing ones and the mean score was 40.7 than internalizing problems and the mean score was 10.3. Mc Farlane.J.M, Groff JY, OBrien .J.A, Watson. K. (2006) done a comparative study on behaviors of children who are exposed and not exposed to intimate partner violence: an analysis of 330 black, white, and Hispanic children. Samples included 258 abused mothers and 72 non abused mothers and their children were between age of 18 months to 18 years of age and these children were compared with normative children. Data was collected using child behavior checklist from mothers. Data was analyzed using multiple analysis of variance performed for ages 6 through 18 years revealed a significant group difference (Frequency[3,183] = 3.13). Univariate tests revealed significant group differences for internalizing behavior (Frequency [1,185] = 6.81), externalizing behavior (Frequency [1,185] = 7.84), and total behavior problems (Frequency [1,185] = 9.45). Overall, children of abused mothers had significantly higher internalizing (58.5 +/- 12.1), externalizing (55.5 +/- 12.4), and total behavior pr oblems (57.6 +/- 12.3) scores than the internalizing (52.9 +/- 13.7), externalizing (49.7 +/- 10.6), and total behavior problems (51.0 +/- 13.0) scores exhibited for children of non abused mothers. b) Studies related to knowledge of teachers on behavioral problems of school children Bibou-Nakou, G.Kiossseoglou and A. Stogiannidou (2008) done a study on elementary teachers perceptions regarding school behavior problem: implications for school psychological services. The study involved 200 elementary school teachers. The questionnaire was administered to assess casual attributions and goal directed behavior on part of teachers when dealing with classroom misbehavior problems. The study concluded that misbehavior related attributions were significantly associated with teachers preferred practices and suggested that application of psychological principles to education practice should be included. Sarah B. Dwyer, Jan M.Nicholson (2005) assessed teachers knowledge of children exposure to family risk factors: accuracy and usefulness. The study involved 756children indicated that teachers had accurate knowledge of children exposure to factors such as adverse life events and family socio economic status, which predicted children mental health problem at 1 year follow up. The study concluded that asking teachers to report children exposure to particular family risk factors is feasible method for identifying children for selective interventions. Stuart W. Twemlo, M.D (2005) estimated the prevalence of teachers who bully students in school with differing levels of behavioral problems. In this study 214 teachers answered anonymous questionnaire about their perceptions of teachers who bully students and their own practices. Teachers were grouped into whether they taught at low, medium or high suspension rate schools. The study concluded that teachers from high suspension rate schools reported they bullied more students, had experienced more bullying when they were students, had worked with more bullying teachers over the past three years and had seen more bullying teachers over the past year. Dougherty J, Pucci P, Hemmila MR, Wahl WL, Wang SC, Arbabi S (2007) did a comparative study on worldwide child and adolescent mental health begins with awareness: a preliminary assessment in nine countries. In this study awareness campaign was conducted among community leaders, health professionals and teachers. The school-based studies were conducted in communities in nine countries. The study concluded that there is an increase in willingness to discuss emotional problems freely and suggested that utility of collaborating with schools so as to foster better child mental health in such under resourced communities. Kaiser, Ann P; Cai, Xinsheng; Hancock, Terry B; Foster, E Michael. (2007) conducted a survey on of primary school educators regarding burn-risk behaviors and fire-safety education. A written survey, consisting of 24 questions, was distributed to 8 primary schools. The study results shows that twenty percent of elementary school educators surveyed had experience teaching burned children (mean age: 7+/-3; range: 2-17); 8% had experience with children that were injured due to fire-play. Fire experimentation begins at 6.1+/-2 years of age (range: 2-13). Educators believe students can benefit from a fire prevention curriculum beginning at 7.3+/-1.8 years (range: 5-12). c) Studies related to effectiveness of structured teaching programme Pamela Orpinas and Arthur M. Home (2008) conducted a workshop on teacher-focused approach to prevent and reduce students aggressive behavior: the guiding responsibility and expectations for adolescents for today and tomorrow teacher program. The goals of the program were (1) to increase teacher awareness of different types of aggression, risk factors, role of the classroom teacher, and influence of the school climate on the childs behavior; (2) to develop strategies that will prevent aggression; (3) to improve teacher management skills to reduce power struggles and aggression; and (4) to enhance skills to assist students who are the targets of aggression. The study included guiding responsibility and expectations for adolescents for today and tomorrow manuals were administered to teacher. The study concluded that teachers had to increase teacher awareness of different types of aggression, risk factors, role of the classroom teacher, and influence of the school climate on the childs b ehavior; to develop strategies that will prevent aggression; to improve teacher management skills to reduce power struggles and aggression; and to enhance skills to assist students who are the targets of aggression. Lorrie L. Hoffman (2009) conducted a workshop on improving school climate: reducing reliance on rewards and punishment. The study included 200 teachers. Data was collected by survey on school climate and classroom management methods among teachers who are exposed to and not exposed to the conscious discipline workshops. The study demonstrated that the untrained group was unaware of the social relationship and cultural principles of conscious discipline that include releasing external control, embracing conflict resolution and implementing a more emotionally targeted reward structure in the classroom. Many teachers also showed improvement in student/teacher relationships (r=.325) and in mutual support among teachers (r=.306). Kathleen Lynne Lane, Andrea Phillips and M. Annette Little (2009) did experimental study on preventing conduct problems and improving school readiness: evaluation of the incredible years teacher and child training programs in high-risk schools. The study included teachers and students. Data was collected from them before and after the intervention. The intervention included teaching social and emotional school curriculum for students and trains teachers in effective classroom management skills and in promotion of parent-school involvement. They sent home weekly homework to encourage parents involvement. The study concluded that an intervention used by the teachers was effective and the students showed more social competence and emotional self-regulation and fewer conduct problems than control teachers and students. Carolyn M. Evertson (2005) did an experimental study on training teachers on classroom management in secondary classrooms. The studies in primary grades and more recently in the secondary grades show that the more academically effective teachers in those generally had better organized classrooms and fewer behavioral problems. Additionally, research indicates that the key to managing classrooms effectively begins from the first day of school with the systematic approach, advance preparation and planning. The study concluded that workshops and manuals were enough to provide changes in teachers behavior in the desired direction: However more specific information about nature of the training was needed to support the development of an exportable statewide model with recommendations and guidelines for use. The role that classroom observation could play in encouraging teachers to practice and perform the desired behaviors needed to be explored further. Lee Canter and Terry Paulso (2006) did a pilot study on college credit model of in- school consultation: a functional behavioral training programme. The study included 50 teachers and data was collected before and after classes for teachers in mental health principles and techniques. The teacher was trained in the implementation of functional- behavioral intervention skills. The study concluded that teachers post test score was significantly higher than pre test score. The study suggested that teachers gained knowledge on functional behavioral skills. NEED FOR THE STUDY Disruptive behavior students are in every classroom across the nation. Teachers are constantly searching for assistance, guidance, ideas, suggestions and relief from this challenge. Yet teachers must remember that they are the source of hope for many of these children and the person who plays a most important role in their lives. A teachers words and actions can affect child forever. Success in school involves being able to complete work, stay organized, get along with kids and adults, be positive about your abilities and school, follow rules, and do your best work. Before we understand children behavior, we must understand their needs. In addition to their physical needs, kids need fun, clothing, freedom, power, and a sense of belonging. Teachers who exhibit high level of efficacy use more positive reinforcement, prefer to work with whole group and present with students who are experiencing difficulty rather than ignoring or giving up on them. The teachers ability to be empathetic can also be associated with students success. School based intervention has been popular for a number of years and has produced varying degree of success in prevention of behavioral problems in children. Children should be allowed to express their true fears and anxieties about impending events. Older children may exhibit relationship disturbances with family and friends, poor school performance and behavior regression. It can be difficult to assess whether behavior of such children is normal or sufficiently problematic to require intervention. Conduct disorder are seen in appropriate 5-8% of general child population. Kadzins review of prevalence indicated that the estimated rate of conduct disorder in children aged 4-18 has ranged from 2-6%. Conduct disorder for youth underage of 18 range from 6-16% for males, 2-9% for females. Prevalence of conduct disorder was 4.58% more common in boys, the majority had childhood onset, and one-third had co morbid attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder. Conduct disorder prevalence in United States is 1-6% (1999) in children. Conduct disorder prevalence in New York is 12% had moderate level of conduct disorder and 4% had severe conduct disorder. The study was undertaken in the schools under rural and urban field practice areas of Department of community medicine. The total population of children between (10-19 yrs) of all schools was included. The prevalence of conduct disorders were maximum (12.9%) in the 6-14 yrs age group. Oppositional defiant disorder prevalence rate is 2-16% for youth (American psychiatry association 2000). School refusal occurs at all ages, appropriately 1-5% of all school-aged children have school refusal. In US aged 14-16 years children showed that 4.3% of teenagers, suffers from school phobia and 5% are identified as school refusal. The average age of onset is 7.5 years and 10.5 years. A study was conducted on prevalance of behavioral problems of school going children in Ludhiana. The study included 957 school children they assessed the behavioral problems by using Rutter B scale, which was to be completed by the class teachers. Based on the screening instrument results and parental interview, 45.6% of the children were estimated to have behavioral problems, of which 36.5% had significant problems. A comparative study was done on preschool teachers knowledge, attitude and practices on childhood developmental and behavioral disorders. The study involved 503 preschool teachers. It compared early childhood educators well versed in normal development and childhood developmental and behavioral disorders were evaluated in detecting children with potential difficulties, refer for early diagnosis and intervention. The study concluded that educational deficits in childhood developmental and behavioral disorders were found among preschool teachers. The study suggested that there is need to improve their skills to aid integration and improve special education needs, calling for training and resource support. A workshop was done on children with behavior problems: improving elementary school teachers skill to keep these children in class. This study aimed at improving their skills for coping with behavioral problems in children. The ability to hold these children helps to prevent them from dropping out of school and avoids referral to special education programs. The workshop integrated 2 interventions (1) Behavior modification skills. (2) Experimental work on the feelings that the misbehaved child evokes in teachers. In this workshop 57 elementary school teachers participated pre-test and post-test was administrated. The study concluded that evaluation of teachers skills and their ability to cope with child who misbehaves score was higher in the post-test than the pre-test. Evaluation of emotional variables after workshop had no significant change in scores. In the light of the above mentioned studies the investigator observed that the prevalence rate of psychiatric disorder in India is more in middle class children and the knowledge of teachers regarding behavioral disorder is inadequate. If the early identification of conduct disorder is not done in the child age then they may go for antisocial personality disorder. So the investigator took up this study for diploma in education students so that helps in of early identification of behavioral problems among school children. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on behavioral problems of school children has tremendous scope in practice, education and further research. The scope related to nursing practice has manifold. The research contributes to detect the effective alternative intervention to manage the behavioral problems of school children, its prevention and rehabilitative measures. It attributes further research in clinical practice for super specialty in psychiatric nursing. The research to develop structured teaching programme helps to mould the nursing education curriculum in depth about its discharge process, preventive and curative procedures. The nursing educators can rebuild the concepts further in education. The findings of this study, further helps the researchers to act as catalyst to generalize the findings. The new research findings help for extensive in depth research in different aspects of assessing the effectiveness of structured teaching programme in managing the behavioral problems of school children. When behavioral problems of school children are reduced, the bodys immune system gets a boost that also effectively enhances cognitive abilities, it is considered as an effective intervention in managing stress, behavior disorders, and many other illnesses. The findings of this study help the school teachers in changing mental attitude towards problems and develop effective way to behavioral problems of school children. The research finding of the study contributes to know the epidemiology of behavioral problems of school children and in turn helps in medical and national health statistics. This data further helps to view the future planning and contributes in national health programme. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on behavioral problems of school children among diploma in education students in selected college at Mandi Gobindgarh. . MAIN OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching to reduce the behavioral problems of school children. Sub Objectives To modify and translate standardized tools of assessing stress and coping strategies among hospitalized clients To check validity and reliability of developed/modified tools. To assess the existing knowledge of diploma in education students regarding behavioral problems of school children. To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on behavioral problems of school children among diploma in education students. To find out association between knowledge score of diploma in education students on behavioral problems of school children with selected demographic variables. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS Effectiveness: It refers to the significant difference between pre and post test knowledge scores of diploma in education students on behavioral problems of school children after receiving structured teaching programme. Structured teaching programme: It refers to systematically developed instructional aids designed for diploma in education students on behavioral problems of school children. Behavioral problems: Behavioral problem refers to a behavior that goes to an extreme level- behavior that is not slightly different from the usual. It includes the conditions like conduct disorder, aggression, stealing, lying, truancy, bullying, fire setting, impulsivity, oppositional defiant disorder and school fear. Diploma in education students: It refers to diploma in education students who are studying in diploma in education college at Mandi Gobindgarh. Assumptions Assumptions are the basic principles that are accepted as being true on the basis of logic or reason, without proof or verification. The study assumes that Diploma in education students may have inadequate knowledge regarding behavioral problems of school children. Structured teaching programme may improve the knowledge of diploma in education students. Diploma in education students knowledge may vary with selected demographic variables. Hypothesis Hypothesis is a statement of predicted relationship between variables. H1-There will be significant difference between pre and post test knowledge scores of diploma in education students on behavioral problems of school children after administering structured teaching programme. H01: There will be no significant difference between pre and post test knowledge scores of diploma in education students on behavioral problems of school children after administering structured teaching programme. H2-There will be significant association between the knowledge scores of diploma in education students on behavioral problems of school children with selected demographic variables. H02:-There will be no significant association between the knowledge scores of diploma in education students on behavioral problems of school children with selected demographic variables. DELIMITATION Study is delimited to diploma in education students. Effectiveness of a structured teaching programme in terms of knowledge aspects only. MATERIALS AND METHODS Research approach Quantitative approach Research design Pre experimental one group pre-test post-test design Pretest X (Structured Teaching Programme) Posttest Variables The Independent variable of the study is Structured Teaching Programme on behavioral problems of school children. The dependent variable in the study will include Knowledge of diploma in education students on behavioral problems of school children. Research Setting The study will be conducted in a selected diploma in education college. The reason for selecting the setting is: 1) Easy access to subjects 2) Administration approval and expected cooperation Target Population Population includes clients who are diploma in education students Sampling procedure For selecting subjects The Purposive sampling technique through non-probability sampling approach will be used for selecting the study subjects fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Inclusion Criteria Clients who are willing and able to participate Males females of age range 20 25 years. Clients who are able to read and write English. Written informed consent Exclusion Criteria Who have been previously sensitized with same or similar intervention. Sample size Out of the total clients who will be admitted in a selected college of education, complete enumeration will be done and those who fulfill the inclusion criteria will be taken for the study. A total 200 samples, after meeting the inclusion criteria will be included. Tools and protocol for data collection The tool consists of The structured interview schedule comprised of two sections. SECTION-I Socio Demographic Data: It contains the questions related to identification data, socio demographic data, and clinical profile of the clients. The data includes 8 items which age, gender, religion, education, marital status, residence, type of family and family income. SECTION-II Self administered structured Knowledge questionnaire consists of 40 items. The tools will be checked for validity and reliability. Content Validity will be done by having the expert opinions from different fields and reliability will be done by split half method. Method of Data Collection Data will be collected by using developed and modified tools. The data will be collected in the following manner: Upon review of clients, consenting subjects who will meet the inclusion criteria will be selected. Self introduction establishing rapport with the subjects. Setting up of conductive atmosphere for data collection. Subject will be assured of the confidently of their data. On the first day purpose of the study will be explained to the sample and informed consent was taken before starting the study. A pretest will be conducted by self administration of structured knowledge questionnaire to each sample. Duration of 25 minutes will be given for each sample to complete the tool . On the same day the Structured Teaching Programme will be administered on behavioral problems of school children for 45 minutes using flash cards, ohp sheet and slides. Post test will be conducted by using the same structured knowledge questionnaire after 7 days of the structured teaching programme. Plan of pilot study Pilot study will be conducted on the diploma in education students and will be admitted in a selected college of education in Mandi Gobindgarh with 10% samples to check the feasibility of the study and validity of the tools and methodology. Methods of data analysis The data obtained will be analyzed in terms of objectives of the study using descriptive and inferential statistics. The pla

Elvis Presleys Poor Acting Skills in Film Essay -- Celebrity Actor Ac

Elvis Presley's Poor Talents Paying Bills Elvis Presley, the King of Rock and Roll, is an American Pop Culture Icon who influenced his audience with his commanding voice and dazzling sex appeal. In the 1950's, Elvis devoted his career to singing and making music. In the sixties, however, he dedicated his time towards making movies and appearing in motion pictures. As many critics agree, Elvis had poor acting skills in his films, generally showing apathy and/or dull facial expressions. Yet, through entertainment media, Elvis was able to inspire a generation of youth to "take action" in American society from his "poor actions". Moreover, film in the age of mass media neutralized Elvis' "bad acting" by redirecting the audience's attention towards his dynamic singing and sexual physique, heavily appealing to the social trends of the 1960's decade. In the decade of the 60's, Elvis starred in over 34 motion pictures, averaging more than 3 films released per year. In these films, Elvis generally had the lead role, allowing the center of attention to fall on his shoulders. Unfortunately, Elvis had poor acting skills, usually displaying bland facial expressions or lethargy. According to the New Yorker magazine, Elvis' acting talents were thin: "Thicklipped, droopy-eyed and indefatigably sullen, Mr. Presley, whose talents are meager but whose earnings are gross" (Raaphorst). Thankfully, Elvis had extraordinary singing talents to make up for his poor acting skills. Knowing his strengths, Elvis and his producers began placing songs into his movies to gain a greater acceptance from his audience: "Statistically, he holds records for the most Top Forty hits (107), the most Top Ten hits (38), the most consecutive #1 hits (10) and the most w... ...ire a youth generation to take action in American society. By redirecting his movie audience's attention away from his common acting skills, Elvis was able to successfully increase his popularity from his dramatic singing roles, his sexual attractiveness and his rebellious attitude. Truly, mass media neutralized Elvis' "poor" acting skills and transformed them into a "rich" lifestyle, enabling Elvis Presley to still live large today in the entertainment capital of the world--Las Vegas, Nevada. Works Cited Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum. Cleveland, Ohio. 01 November 1999. http://www.rockhall.com/induct/preselvi.html. Yahoo!: Geocities. TCB Ring, Elvis in Hollywood. 31 October 1999. http://www.geocities.com/~arpt/hollywood/nsindex.html. Yahoo!: Geocities. TCB Ring, Elvis in Hollywood. 31 October 1999. http://www.geocities.com/~arpt/hollywood/nsindex.html.

The Role of Ethnicity and Race in the Way Audiences Interpret Media Mes

The Role of Ethnicity and Race in the Way Audiences Interpret Media Messages According to the sociological definition of race and ethnicity, there is a close interrelation between race and ethnicity. Race has not been defined by the biological difference that it is stood on the social construct. Race does not discriminate the skin color from others which is related to the ethnicity. Race is defined on the social construct which based on physical and cultural features (Fulcher & Scott, 2007). ‘Ethnicity is a general category for describing collective identities’ (Fulcher & Scott, 2007:200). Ethnicity is based on the cultural and historical background that it means the people in this ethnic group is sharing the same language, religion and same experience of life. Ethnicity is the ethnic characteristic for the specific race. Ethnicities represent the role for separating the different race. In terms of race, people might have the racism to the different culture of others which might base on the historical colonization, the control of the western culture and so on (Fulcher& Scott, 2007). This racism also occurs in the media. The western media may intentionally neglect the people of Black or Asian. Media are more likely to use the white people as their main character. Although media has increased the number of the Black and Asian people in recent year on the screen, there is still the inequality in the media product. The Black and Asian people might totally disappear in some scene which is shot in the place with the large number of Black and Asian people (Ross & Playdon, 2001). This phenomenon provokes the anger and dissatisfaction of the Black and Asian people. Also, media may offer the wrong information for those minorit... ...rom you born to die that race is innate for everyone. In this world, everyone is equal that each person might have the same right to stay in this society. Works Cited Fulcher, J. and Scott, J., (2007) Sociology 3rd ed., Oxford : Oxford University Press Ross,K.,(2001) White Media, Black audience: Diversity and Dissonance on British Television in Ross, K. & Playdon, P.(eds.) Black marks : minority ethnic audiences and media, London: Ashgate Dines, G. & Humez, J.M.(eds.) (2002) Gender, race, and class in media : a text-reader London : Sage Dickinson,R., Harindranath, R. & Linnà ©. O.,(1998) Approaches to audiences : a reader, London : Arnold Saltzis, K.(Professor), (2010 February 23) CULTURAL STUDIES AND THE AUDIENCE Lecture 5, University of Leicester, UK Downing, J. & Husband, C. (2005) Representing race: racisms, ethnicities and media, London: SAGE

Advices for Those who marry

Marriage is the institution under which man and woman become legally united in a permanent basis, or it is an intimate linking together (New Webster Dictionary, International Edtion, 2004) Marriage is a life _ long, serious commitment that needs to be made between two people who are very sure about exactly what they are getting into (Romance Class. com Advice). Marriage life is a long term relationships and death is the only way that can make the man and woman separate from each other.It’s very important that once u get married both the man and woman is ready and capable enough to face the challenges they may tackle in life. Body of the Paper This paper will discuss on the possible don’t for marriage and their possible advices like for instance: Before entering into marriage life, a man and a woman must think it over and over again if they are already in the right age to become a father and a mother of their future children.It is very common nowadays that people who are together for a long period of time and suddenly to have their relationships change and ended over the years. One of the possible causes of don’ts or failure of marriage is the marrying at early age; teenagers get married just because of hot passion of love and emotions, not thinking what will happen to their marriage life in the future. Mostly of the married couples in their early age will not prosper and some lead to separation.Marriage should never ever involve someone pressuring the other, like in the Islam religions it is their parents who will choose who will be the future husband or wife of their children’s, and they are force to marry in their early age because they don’t have choice but to follow, this marriages just resulted to break ups and separation. In marriage, one of the important factors is the relationship that also needs a ton of work to keep it going. While it’s easy in the early days to coast on the rush of passion, it’s much h arder as it goes on to maintain the relationship between the husband and the wife.(Romance Class. com Advice). People don’t take breaks or break up when they’re happy but if something was wrong that will lead to destructive conclusion. One of the most important things in marriage is the ability to work through problems and actively address issues on how to resolve it successfully to preserve marriage. People should not be married if she he don’t have patience because marriage life will runs thin when we are in a hurry and want things instantly or right now; especially when it comes to love, Love is patience and kind.It is very important to know ourselves first before we try to get to know someone else too intimately, being a couple both of them must be open to each other, and must share all the happiness and frustration in life. The wrong time would be when you are marrying just to please someone else, but not yourself. Remember that you are the driving force in your own life, when you lose control or give up that responsibility to someone else, disaster will surely follow and you will be the one to suffer for the rest of your life. Some basic attributes that will help strengthen or tear down your marriage.As simple as they are, they are easily set aside or overlooked. So let's take a look and get a good reminder right now of the important â€Å"do's† and â€Å"don'ts† in a marriage. Do pray, a couple that prays together connects on an emotional level. You unite in your beliefs and values; therefore you bond emotionally and spiritually. Do show affection, play and laugh Marriage should be fun! There's enough work involved. Don't forget to enjoy each other in addition to sharing the work load. Do encourage each other, just because you are married doesn't mean you or your spouse don't need encouragement.We all do. Hearing that someone believes in you or is encouraging something that is important to you, makes all the difference in the world in how you feel about yourself and them. Do invest time in your relationship; the toughest obstacle for parents is finding time alone together. Make sure you do. Whether it's an hour locked away together before bed time or a set date night†¦ find what works for your situation. Don’t refuse to forgive, we teach our children to forgive, so should we! Some hurts take longer to heal than others, but grudges and resentments only push away love.Don’t snipe; sarcasm is the biggest disease in our homes these days. And it can be painful! Sniping and making sarcastic comments never builds up a home or a marriage. Work now at breaking this harmful habit. Don’t compare, your husband may not be like your friend's husband, but hey, you're not like your friend either! We all have strengths and weaknesses. Comparing only enhances the weaknesses instead of boosting the strengths. And it's never fair to anyone. Don’t criticize, we all make mistakes. Give each other some room. Doesn’t play the blame game, we all do this?Why is it so tough to say, â€Å"I'm Sorry†? Blaming never solves the issue at hand – it only divides you as a couple. Don’t want to personally win, Marriage is a team. You should be on the same side. Don’t yell and fight so hard, Disagreeing and arguing is bound to come to every marriage. But when you start the trend of yelling, slamming doors, etc – that can become a habit that ends up crippling communication. Learn to be constructive and practical when you disagree or take a time out until your emotions calm a little (Christian –Parent, Focusing on Family Values). Conclusionâ€Å"Every one of us is entitled to be happy† but marriage life is not an answer for that saying. Before planning or entering marriage we have to consider many things, we have to ask guidance from our parents and especially to our creator if we are ready or not to face the biggest challen ges that we in life. Marriage life is more successful if it is done in the right time, if both are emotionally stable, and if both are financially ready for their children’s to come, because the only way a relationships can work smoothly if both people was actively work to reach the goals they want to achieve.References Romance Class. com Advice, Retrieved December 9. 2006 from http:// www. romanceclass. commiscradvice653 Sanchez Dionna, Do’s and Don’ts of Marriage Retrieved December 9, 2006 from http://www. christian-parent. com/marriage/062605a. shtml Sister’s Advice, Retrieved December 6, 2006 from http://www. advicesisters. netgifts%20jpegsDoubletakeedt- When the right ones come along, Retrieved December 9, 2006 from not ready towed. http;\www. datingtop. netadvicearticle. php? id=7

Metaphors in The Play “As You Like It” Essay

In his play, â€Å"As You Like It,† and generally in all his writing William Shakespeare uses a lot of metaphors. In, â€Å"As You Like It,† he has Rosalind who is disguised as boy named Ganymede use an interesting metaphor that explores the relationship between the consumption of time and the movement of a horse based on mood or pleasure. In my opinion the only reason that Rosalind ever uses the metaphor is to try to convince Orlando, the man she has fallen in love with and knows that he loves her, that she is wise when it comes to love and that she as Ganymede could cure his love by giving him love lessons. The metaphor proves to be effective because by the end of their conversation Orlando is convinced that Ganymede could cure him. When Rosalind first approaches Orlando disguised as Ganymede she asks him for the time. Orlando replies by saying that there is no way to know the time in this forest because there are no clocks. He says that it would be more appropriate to ask for the time of day. Rosalind follows this up by saying, â€Å"Then there is no true lover in the forest, else sighing every minute and groaning every hour would detect the lazy foot of time as well as a clock,†(III, ii; 275-77). By this she means that a true lover is just as good at telling time as a clock because they are always thinking about the one they love and every minute they sigh and every hour the groan. Orlando wonders why Rosalind said the lazy foot of time rather than the swift foot of time because he thinks it would have been just as appropriate. Rosalind explains how time travels at different speeds for different people  and how she could tell who time ambles for, who time trots for, who time gallops for, and who time stands still for. Orlando asks her about each speed and Rosalind gives an example of the kind of person who would have time move at each pace. When Orlando asks who time trots for Rosalind says, â€Å"Marry, he trot hard with a young maid between the contract on her marriage and the day it is solemnized. If the interim be but a se’nnight, times pace is so hard that it seems the length of seven year,†(III, ii; 285-88). By this she means that between the time a woman gets engaged and the day of her wedding time seems to move slowly. This is because the woman is exited and anxious. A week’s  time could seem like 7 years. It is my belief that time always moves the opposite of how you want it to. When Orlando asks who time ambles for Rosalind answers, â€Å"With a priest that lacks Latin and a rich man that hath not the gout, for the only sleep easily because he cannot study and the other live merrily because he feels no pain – he one lacking burden of lean and wasteful learning, the other knowing no burden of heavy tedious penury. These time ambles withal,†(III, ii; 290-95). To amble is to walk in a leisurely way. Both the priest and rich man have fairly easy lives in which they are not very busy. Because they do not do anything time seems to move slowly. When Orlando asks who time gallops for Rosalind replies with, â€Å"With a thief to the gallows, for though he go softly as foot can fall, he thinks himself too soon there,†(III, ii; 297-98). A thief on his way to the gallows walks as slow as he possibly can but time still seems to move so fast. This is another example of how time seems to move the opposite of how you want it too. When Orlando asks who time stands still for Rosalind says, â€Å"With lawyers in the vacation, for they sleep between term and term, and they perceive not how time  moves,†(III, ii; 300-01). Lawyers on vacation sleep away their holidays and have no sense of time. To them it is like time is not moving at all. Whenever I am on vacation I usually sleep it away and when I do wake I have no idea how much time has past. I have been playing soccer for almost 6 years now and I have learned that at my games time either mover fast or slow. Usually when my team is winning time moves slow because I want the game to end. When my team is losing time seems to move fast because I do not want the game to win. I want my team to come back and win. I have learned that time never works the way you want it too. Shakespeare’s metaphors add a lot of meaning to his writing. Without them he might not be as well know as he is now. The metaphor in, â€Å"As You Like It,† adds a lot to the story. It not only adds affect but also plays a role in the storyline. If Rosalind had not used she may have not been able to convince Orlando to take love lessons with her and that would make a huge change in the story.