Gender Discrimination in Womens Sports - 682 Words

Gender discrimination in sports has been an issue since competition began long ago. Back then, people believed only men should play sports, women might hurt themselves, women should wear respectable clothes, and women should stay home and take care of the children (â€Å"Women†). However, this inequity became outdated in the 1970s when Title IX was passed. â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance† (â€Å"A†). Still, more needs to be done for equality in men and women’s sports. Any sports fan will admit that he or she watches more men’s sports than women’s. When asked why, one may answer that men are stronger, faster, and more athletic or the game is more entertaining when men are participating instead of women. Also, men are more interested in sports than women. Therefore, a man is more likely to watch men perform than women. A man’s body is stronger than a woman’s body because of testosterone. According to Dr. Mark Tarnopolsky, Testosterone enables men to develop larger skeletal muscles as well as larger hearts. Men also have a larger proportion of Type 2 muscle fibers, which generate power, strength and speed. Testosterone also increases the production of red blood cells, which absorb oxygen, giving men an even greater aerobic advantage (qtd. in Lee). Obviously, men have the bodyShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Gender And Discrimination Sports Soccer 1580 Words   |  7 PagesRute Tilahun Professor Selina Hammond English 101- Composition 12, November 2015 Gender and Discrimination in Sports: Soccer How many fans do you see supporting women’s Soccer teams? Why are women receiving less acknowledgements for their success towards sports than men? Do you know any girl who is interested in playing soccer and is not on the team just because she is a girl? Well I do. Such an incidence happened in one of my best friend’s lives. It took place at my high school backRead MoreWomen s Sexual Discrimination At Academic Institutes1503 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance†. The law also prohibits retaliation against an individual who, in good faith, asserts his or her rights under Title IX or other applicable federal laws and state laws prohibiting illegal discrimination. Title IX was established around discrimination based on gender in 1972, and promotes equality between men and women in education. CongressRead Mor eGender Inequality Within Sports And Sports1197 Words   |  5 Pagesare now, but with gender inequality in sports their hard work will go to waste. Gender inequality is unlawful because of Title IX, a law that was passed in 1972, that banned gender discrimination in sports (Buzuvis and Newhall). Even though it is against the law, many colleges and sports associations still give unfair benefits to men’s sports, such as more opportunities, better fields, higher salaries, etc, and are not getting punished for it. There were many cases when the women’s team made many timesRead MoreThe Role Of Women In Sports1541 Words   |  7 Pagesforce or even in sports. Title IX, an act that was made by the United States Congress in 1972, said that no one should be denied to play, receive financial aid, or discriminate to any education program or activity that pertains to only one sex (Senne 1). This act was a step towards improving female participation and lessening discrimination, but the stereotypes that most of society believes in still exist. This is one of the main reasons why women are discriminated when it comes to sports; by limitedRead MoreThe Importance Of Equal Pay, Rights And Opportunity For Women Involved With Sports1629 Words   |  7 PagesThis podcast will distinguish the stiffening number of the lack of equal pay, rights and opportunity for women involved with sports. This topic was selected because this is evident based on the staggering numbers of women performing and displaying either equal or more in terms of success, achievement or work load and still are behind when comparing salaries between men and women. Hopefully, this podcast will shine some light on this subject and bring awareness. Based on prior research conductedRead MoreGender Challenges Within The Business Of Sports1507 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Gender challenges in sports have been around for centuries. Male and female genders are treated differently in more than one way. The research I have gathered show the differences in all aspects of sports related business areas such as, ticket sales, facilities, price of tickets, media coverage, Sports Illustrated covers, and sports reporters. The purpose of this research is to bring attention the disparities that women follow in the business of sports. Women are stereotyped, discriminatedRead MoreEquality Between Men And Women1463 Words   |  6 Pagesprohibiting illegal discrimination. Title IX was established around discrimination based on gender in 1972, and promotes equality between men and women in education. Congress developed Title IX in order to spark the act of going against sexual discrimination at academic institutes that were federally funded to promote the participation of women in school sports and to create more programs for student athletes that are female. 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A Comparison of Community in Hurstons Their Eyes Were...

Importance of Community in Their Eyes Were Watching God and Sula Community is an important concern in both black and womens literature. The racist and patriarchal nature of American society, what Morrison refers to as the master narrative of our culture, places blacks and women and especially black women in a position of powerlessness and vulnerability. Communities serve as a protective buffer within which black women must function in order to survive. However both Hurston and Morrison identify and criticize how the patriarchal nature of the master narrative is present in black communities. The male-female hierarchy in the black community mirrors not only the patriarchy of the dominant white culture, but also the white-black†¦show more content†¦As setting, the community is a place of origin. It is the starting point by which the horizon is defined as well as the location and steward of the past, providing the context for the future. Community is a cultural and social structure which provides the economic freedom for Janie and Sula to go out into the world. Janie is left with her husbands wealth, which allows her to go to the horizon while maintaining her house in Eatonville. Sulas inheritance of Evas house leaves her with a place to call home no matter how far she travels or what she does. Through these social structures, the community creates, illustrates and embodies the values and expectations which shape the circumstances of the novels. Part of the contextual role of community is the enforcement of models of conformity. There are roles for black women and transgressing these roles can result in isolation. These community expectations represent a threat to the empowerment of black women. Sula powerfully identifies the negative impact of conformity on black women in her final conversation with Nel: I know what every colored woman in this country is doing. Whats that? Dying. Just like me. But the difference is they dying like a stump. Me, Im going down like one of those redwoods. I sure did live in this world (143). Morrison shows the

The Difference Between Sissy And Bitzer Essay Example For Students

The Difference Between Sissy And Bitzer Essay Give me your definition of a horse, (Pg 3) says the eminently practical Mr. Thomas Gradgrind of Charles Dickens unforgettable novel, Hard Times. Can anybody really define a horse? Cecilia Jupe, also known as Sissy, was unable to answer this question because she was, well, normal. Bitzer, the boy brought up in Coketown, the city of facts, answered, Quadruped. Graminivorous. Forty teeth, namely, twenty-four grinders, four eye-teeth, and twelve incisive (Pg. 4). Clearly the contrast between Sissy and Bitzer can be seen. The differences between Bitzer and Sissy are shown not only in their definitions of a horse, but also in their physical appearance, personality, background, and the different philosophies that they each represent: fact and fancy. From the very beginning, Dickens had made it clear to the reader that Sissy represents fancy and Bitzer represents facts. He uses the two characters in many ways to portray the differences between fact and fancy. One way of doing this is describing Sissy and Bitzers physical appearance. Dickens has a tendency to make his characters physical appearance reflect their personalities. This is true for both Sissy and Bitzer. Sissy is described as vibrant and full of dark, rich colors. She glows with passion and kindness. Bitzer, on the other hand, is described as a very pale boy. He seems cold and emotionless, with light colored eyes and light colored hair. While Sissy seems to have an aura of goodness, Bitzer does not. He is emotionless. Even in the setting of a classroom, the differences in appearance between Sissy and Bitzer are apparent, for Sissy, being at the corner of a row on the sunny side, came in for the beginning of a sunbeam, of which Bitzer, being at the corner of a row on th e other side, a few rows in advance, caught the end. Sissy seemed to receive a deeper and more lustrous colour from the sun when it shone upon her, while the same sunbeam seem to draw out of him (Bitzer) what little colour he ever possessed (Pg. 3-4). The differences between Sissy and Bitzer are so evident that one must have been able to tell which philosophies that they each stand for. Throughout the course of the novel, Sissy and Bitzers actions help to describe what kind of personality they each have, which are also opposites of each other. Sissy is very emotional and never thinks only of herself. For example, when Sissys father abandons her, she does not cry for herself. Instead, she says, between sobs, O my dear father, my good kind father, where are you gone? You are gone to try to do me some good, I know! You are gone away for my sake, I am sure! And how miserable and helpless you will be without me, poor, poor Father, until you come back! (Pg. 35) and cries for her father rather than feel sorry for herself. She is so caring and compassionate that she always thinks the best of things. This is probably why Jane, the younger sister of Louisa and Tom, grew up much happier than her older siblings. She had been raised by the affectionate Sissy and treated like a human, unlike her older siblings, who had been raised more like robots by their father, Mr. Gradgrind. Bitzer, however, is completely different. He did not receive the love and the care the Sissy did. Because of this, it seems as though Bitzer has no heart (but of course he does, physically). He cares only for himself, even at the expense of others. Near the end of the novel, when Tom Gradgrind, Jr. (also known as the whelp) tries to escape from Coketown, who, other than Bitzer, is there to turn him in? In his own words, he says, I am going to take young Mr. Tom back to Coketown in order to deliver him over to Mr. Bounderby, for I have no doubt whatever that Mr. Bounderby will then promote me to young Mr. Toms situation (position) (Pg 267). Basically, he wished to pursue Tom, for it will be a rise to me, and will do me good (Pg 267). Bitzer has no heart and therefore cannot see that helping another human being is logical. He was raised under a utilitarian, or severely practical, form of education, which is the assumption that humans act only for their own self-interest. An interestin g contribution to Bitzers personality is where he was taught. Bitzers education was in the school of Mr. McChoakumchild, whose name has a disturbing connotation, as if his job was to choke the imagination out of the children. Bitzer had been raised and treated like a robot, and, as a result, he has the personality of a robot. Sissy and Bitzers personalities contribute to the two philosophies that Dickens is trying to point out. .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8 , .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8 .postImageUrl , .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8 , .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8:hover , .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8:visited , .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8:active { border:0!important; } .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8:active , .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8 .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2bcbe33d0308cd4901c1f4477cac7fb8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Forecast Storms EssayThe main reason why Sissy and Bitzer act and think the way they do is because of how and where they were raised. Bitzer was raised in the labor-filled Coketown and had a utilitarian education, in which facts were stressed and nothing else in the world mattered except for ones self-interest. The children in the school where both Sissy and Bitzer attended was just a plane of little vessels then and there arranged in order, ready to have imperial gallons of facts poured into them until they were full to the brim (Pg. 2). Bitzers education consisted of facts, facts, and more facts. Nothing else was important and nothing else will ever be of any more import ance than facts. This way of growing up instilled in Bitzer the unpleasantness that expresses when he grows older. Sissy, however, was brought up in a circus. Her father had been a horse trainer and doctored horses. The circus represents the one thing that the school of facts resents: fancy. As Mr. McChoakumchild said, Aye, aye, aye! But you mustnt fancy. Thats it! You are never to fancy (Pg. 6). The ability to wonder, which was strictly forbidden in the Gradgrind household, was encouraged at the circus. It was how circus performers earned their living. Although Sissy was sent to live with Gradgrind, she was immune to his teachings of facts, facts, and more facts because she was raised in a circus. She had become kind of immune to that sort of teaching. Sissy was able to grow up happy and caring, full of imagination. This just goes to show that a childs surroundings will influence the way the kind of person they will become when they grow up. In this case, Dickens shows a child grow ing up with laughter and happiness and another child growing up with obedience and structure. It represents, once again, the two philosophies fact and fancy. As anyone can tell when they read Hard Time, the characters Sissy and Bitzer are not in the story just to make the novel more interesting. They are symbols for something greater: fact and fancy. Sissy represents the human nature because she is human. She was brought up and treated like a human so she has feelings like a human. Her vibrant colors, compassion, and friends from the circus help to enforce that kind of philosophy: fancy and imagination of the free will. Because Sissy had been raised like a human, she was able to do something that the kids from Coketown were forbidden to do: wonder. They could not use their imaginations, only what is proven is logical to them. Bitzer, however, represents the philosophy of facts and only facts. His actions, appearance, and training at Mr. McChoakumchilds school show what a person becomes when they follow that philosophy. He had become cold and hard, with not a single thought for anyone but his self-interest. Dickens uses these two character s to show the differences between the two philosophies and the consequences that following these philosophies may have. Through Bitzer and Sissy, the two different philosophies that each represent can be clearly seen: fact versus fancy. Bitzer has become a selfish person who does not care for anyone but himself. Sissy was the emotional center of the book because she was, practically, the only one that had real emotions from the very beginning. It can be distinguished which philosophy Dickens agrees with: fancy. He makes fact seem dull and dead, while making fancy seem colorful and full of life. Sissy is the kind of person that everyone would love, and Bitzer is someone that everybody would hate. Unmistakably, it is easy to tell which philosophy one would prefer. Maybe Bitzer ought to take a couple of lessons from Sissy.

The story of Oedipus or Antigone Essay Example For Students

The story of Oedipus or Antigone? Essay This idea of gaining strength in femininity falls in line with the twentieth centurys changing attitudes to women, with strong female figures breaking through for equality in a male-dominated society. Overall, Antigone as a character gives a message that in certain heroic natures unmerited suffering and death can be met with a greatness of soul which, because it is purely human, brings honor to us all (Knox, in Sophocles, 1984, p. 53). However, despite her being shown as heroic in nature, in the play characters are more complex than simply protagonist and antagonist. We will write a custom essay on The story of Oedipus or Antigone? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This multi-dimensional view of them makes them in a way more human than simple good and evil. As Webster states, the character must have as complete a character as possible; the audience must see or hear him in the greatest possible number of different circumstances (Webster, 1969, p. 83). This depth of character means that it is easy for a practitioner or writer interpreting the play to put the audience in a position of seeing different aspects of the character, and see their humanity and identify with aspects of the character (as mentioned with Brecht above). The simple way in which the plays are presented also contributes to their success in translation, adaptation, and performance. In translations such as Fagles, there are no stage directions, as if Sophocles intended for the plays to be read and studied rather than performed. In Greek theatre overall, plays are written in this format, and action and gruesome death is described in messenger speech instead of being shown on stage. This bare-bones style of presentation means the plays give much directorial freedom, with the director able to interpret the play in a multitude of interesting and innovative ways if they so desire. Also, the Greek language of the original work means that when it comes to translation, the exact wording of the manuscript may differ, offering opportunity for many different versions of the same text. The popularity of Antigone, alongside other Greek tragedies, can be examined and explained from a Freudian perspective, that tragedy pleases because of the formal control it provides (Holland, in Nuttall, 1996, p. 54). When watching a tragedy, the audience will feel empathy with characters, but after the performance will return to their life. Similar, for example, to the adrenaline rush but without risk gained when watching a horror film, it is a case of being moved emotionally without having to deal with the permanent resonance of loss, grief and tragedy in a persons own life. As Huxley describles, tragedy is something that is separated from the whole truth is chemically pure (Huxley, 1931). He continues to explain that this chemical purity means tragedy has an immediate and powerful effect, and gives audiences a sense of catharsis. In its simplest essence, theatre is a form of entertainment and escapism, and tragedies offer exactly this. Antigones complexity of characters and political resonance, and the ability to adapt it to create different messages and represent different ideals makes it easy to see why it is considered one of the greatest classic tragedy plays of not just the Ancient Greek era, but all time. Bibliography Bowlby, R. (2007). Freudian Mythologies: Greek Tragedy and Modern Identities. Oxford University Press. Bowra, C. (1970). Classical Greece. Nederland: Time-Life International. Burgess, J. (2005). The Faber Pocket Guide to Greek and Roman Drama. London: Faber and Faber Limited. Ewen, F. (1967). Bertolt Brecht, His Life, His Art and His Times. London: Calder and Boyars. Huxley, A. (1931). Tragedy and the Whole Truth. In Music at Night. unknown. Nuttall, A. (1996). Why Does Tragedy Give Pleasure? Oxford: Clarendon Press. Segal, C. (1966). Sophocles Praise of Man and the Conflicts of Antigone. In T. Woodward (Ed. ), Sophocles, A Collection of Critical Essays (pp. 62-85). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. Sophocles. (1984). The Three Theban Plays. (R. Fagles, Trans. ) Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Classics. Webster, T. (1969). An Introduction to Sophocles (2nd Edition ed. ). London: Methuen Co. Wiles, D. (2000). Greek Theatre Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

State Of Texas Vs. Johnson (1989) Essays - Civil Disobedience

State Of Texas Vs. Johnson (1989) Essays - Civil Disobedience State of Texas vs. Johnson (1989) Justice Viveiros delivers the opinion of the court: Gregory Lee Johnson has been convicted of desecrating a flag in violation of Texas law; a conviction which questions ones guaranteed First Amendment, constitutional rights. Johnson's involvement in a political demonstration in Dallas, lead him to express his political concerns with the nations leaders and governmental policies. The State of Texas' conviction of Johnson was carried out due to Johnson's conduct, a physically expressive act, rather than a written or spoken one and based on two criteria: a responsibility to preserve the integrity of the flag representing the strength, pride and unity of our nation and whether Johnson's actions threatened societal order and peace. Both criteria, which serve as the basis for Gregory Lee Johnson's conviction, have been explored in depth, and this court concludes the following... Johnson's form of political expression did not cause societal disorder or disrupt the peace. There were no violent outbreaks, either verbal or physical, from members of Johnson's protest, or other citizens, who may view flag burning as a distasteful, ungrateful, slap in the face of our nation. However, the State of Texas has already acknowledged this fact. The State ruled that regardless of the lack of evidence that Johnson's actions have threatened societal order and public peace, on account there were no such occurrences, flag burning has the potential to do so. The State has concluded that flag burning could: first, stir up people's emotions enough, possibly resulting in intense public arguments, violent physical disputes, or riots, and second, serves as an invitation for others to take political protests to the next level, which could be dangerous. The States decision brings up two questions, is flag burning as a form of political protest an agreeable method of practicing ones First Amendment rights, or an attempt to persuade others to take the act beyond the rights of citizens to more serious and dangerously, harmful, acts of protest?, and does the State have the right to claim that Johnson's conduct had the potential or indented to cause a violent encounter with passionate opposition to flag burning, even if the act did not do so? Johnson is an individual, responsible for his own actions, not the actions of others. He has chosen to practice his First Amendment rights, by expressing his disapproval of government leadership and polices, by publicly burning and American flag. It is this courts decision that Johnson has not intended to encourage others to take more drastic approaches of protesting government. Johnson can not be accountable for wrongful impressions of his intentions. The State has allowed itself power not granted by the United States Constitution, by convicting Johnson for an act that potentially causes violent confrontations. Had publicly burning a flag caused a fight or rioting, this would be an entirely different case. However, the fact remains, the protest resulted in no such event. There is also no evidence that Johnson intended his protest to provoke societal disorder. Again, the State has not the right to base charges of Johnson's intentions with no evidence, only expressing concerns of the potential negative effects of Johnson's actions. The State's conviction is therefore unjust, based on its claim that Johnson has threatened societal order and peace. This does not disregard the conviction of Johnson entirely, the right of the State to preserve the integrity of the flag must still be discussed. Likewise, this courts ruling does not disregard the right of the State of Texas to promote and ensure order. History and common sense both show, order and peace necessary aspects of a stable, powerful nation and both must be ensured to protect American citizens. However, it has not been proven that Johnson's public desecration of the flag has infringed American peace or has promoted or intended to evoke societal disorder. The State's conviction of Johnson, based on a responsibility to preserve the integrity of the flag as a representation of national unity and pride, brings about several questions involving the meaning of America itself, and what our nation ezds for. The State concerns involve the message perceived by others, at the actions of Johnson. If a citizen can publicly destroy the symbol representing our nations pride

How to Get Your CDL in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island

How to Get Your CDL in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island This article is useful for anyone who wants to get a CDL in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. If you want to learn about earning a CDL at other states, we have put together a comprehensive guide on how to get a commercial driver’s license in every state of the country. PennsylvaniaIn Pennsylvania, you must have a CDL to operate:Any single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ poundsA combination vehicle with a GCWR of 26,001+ pounds, if  the GVWR of the vehicle(s) being towed is more than  10,000 poundsA vehicle designed to transport 16+ passengers (including the driver)A school bus designed to transport 11+ passengers (including the drive)Any size vehicle requiring hazardous material placards or carrying material listed as a select agent or toxinIn order to obtain a CDL, you must take a knowledge test and a skills test.Knowledge TestAll applicants must pass a knowledge test required for the class of license, restriction, and endorsements they wish to possess. A general knowledge te st for the Class, a or Class B and C license must be successfully completed by all CDL applicants.You  must wait 15 days after passing the knowledge test to take the skills test.Skills TestAfter passing the appropriate knowledge tests, you  must then take the skills test for the class and type of vehicle you intend to drive.   Included on this exam are a  pre-trip inspection, a test of basic vehicle control, and a test in on-road driving.After passing your knowledge and skills tests, you will be given  a camera card to  take to any PennDOT Photo License Center. There, you will have your picture taken and be  issued your CDL after paying all  licensing fees.Rhode IslandYou must have a CDL to operate:Any single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ poundsA combination vehicle with a GCWR of 26,001+ pounds, if  the GVWR of the vehicle(s) being towed is more than  10,000 poundsA vehicle designed to transport 16+ passengers (including the driver)Any size vehicle requiring  hazardous material placards or carrying material listed as a select agent or toxin in 42 CFR part 73.In order to obtain a CDL, you must take a knowledge test and a skills test.Knowledge TestYou must take one or more knowledge tests depending the license  class and endorsements you need.All applicants must take the general knowledge test, taken by all applicants.All bus driver applicants must take the passenger transport test.If you want to drive a school bus, you must pass the school bus test.If driving a  vehicle with air brakes, including air over hydraulic brakes,   you must take the air brakes test.If you want to drive combination vehicles, you must take the combination vehicles test.If you want to haul hazardous materials as defined in 49 CFR 383.5, you must take  the hazardous materials test. You must also pass a background check.If  you want to haul any liquid or gaseous materials in tank(s)  with an  individual rated capacity of 119+ gallons and an aggregate r ated capacity of 1,000+ gallons, you must take the tank vehicle test.If you want to pull double or triple trailers, you must take  he doubles/triples test.After you pass your required knowledge tests, you must then take your CDL skills tests.Skills TestAfter passing the appropriate knowledge tests, you  must then take the skills test for the class and type of vehicle you intend to drive.   Included on this exam are a  pre-trip inspection, a test of basic vehicle control, and a test in on-road driving.When you arrive for these tests, you must present your Rhode Island driver’s license and your CDL permit (obtained after passing the appropriate knowledge tests).

Employee Privacy Rights at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employee Privacy Rights at Work - Essay Example 897). The rights of the company have been upheld time and again. However, the real issue the company must address is finding the proper balance between the two. As Bupp (2001) pointed out, although the company has a wide range of monitoring open to it, studies have found that too much monitoring can also cause undo stress and be demoralizing for employees. Finding the balance that protects the company's interests while ensuring employees are afforded an adequate measure of perceived respect and privacy becomes the aim of modern business in today's technologically advanced work environment. How that balance may be achieved is the focus of this research. As upheld in the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, 18 USCA 2510 of 1986 (ECPA), employers, as owners of the premises and communications equipment, have many rights of which employees may be unaware. According to Volkert (2005) employers may "search company-owned computers, monitor Internet use, use video surveillance and listen to voice mail" (p. 1). As early as 2001 Bupp found when reviewing an American Management Association survey report that as of 2001 73.5% of all major companies in the U.S. "record and review employee communications and activities on the job, including their phone calls, e-mail, Internet connections, and computer files" (p. 74). An additional 5% monitor phone logs and/or use video surveillance cameras. In 88% of the cases where the company electronically monitors employees' working habits, the employee is informed of the methodology the company uses to monitor their behavior. The need for monitoring of employees has stemmed from documented cases of employee theft of proprietary information from their employer as well as theft of company time by employees who instead of working at the job for which they were hired to be perform, spend an inordinate amount of company time on personal business thereby reducing the productivity of the company. Lichtash (2004) points out that use or misuse of company time by employees in surfing the internet or sending and receiving inappropriate email can lead to serious consequences to the employer including lost productivity and in some instances may lead to a perceived hostile work environment or charges of sexual harassment when email is used to circulate offensive contents. For those reasons alone "employers have a clear interest in restricting the use of their e-mail and Internet systems" (p. 27). Lichtash (2004) has also noted that there are varying degrees of use or misuse of company email. Firstly, many employers recognize that time restraints sometimes require employees to occasionally use company time to conduct some degree of personal business which the company generally allows or overlooks. The second type of misuse is more serious abuse of company systems that would warrant disciplinary action was the company to detect it. The last type of abuse is flagrant misuse resulting in a direct or potential substantial loss to the company which would result in immediate termination if the company was aware of the

How, in your judgment, can one evaluate the ethical nature of an act Research Paper

How, in your judgment, can one evaluate the ethical nature of an act - Research Paper Example Nature of ethics has three main features that are worth examining. The first feature is that the nature of ethics is closely correlated with duties, which are generally the other side of morals and moral rights. For instance, an individual’s right to work implies that the government has a duty to ensure that jobs are available for people (Gotsis and Kortezi, 2010). Secondly, ethics gives people equality and autonomy in the pursuit of their interests. The last main feature of the nature of ethics is that it provides a basis for justification of an individual’s actions and for invocation of aid or protection of others (Gutmann and Thompson, 2006). Over the years, there has been increased concern over the need to find ways of evaluating the ethical nature of organizations including non-profit organizations, private association, or government agency. Since ethics is such an important aspect in any organization, there has been heightened need in recent years to evaluate the ethical nature of organizations in order to ensure that they derive maximum benefits from adherence to valuable ethics (Cooper, 2012). It is against this background that this paper will discuss how one can evaluate the ethical nature of a government agency: The Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency (CSOSA). It will create a format for the systematic evaluation of the agency’s ethical commitment. Nature of Ethics and Government Agencies It is commonly accepted that ethics is an essential part of operation of government agencies. Unethical behaviors can have very devastating consequences for any given government agency, while sound ethical behavior can greatly facilitate effectiveness and efficiency in the delivery of services within a particular government agency (Hayden, 2005). Acknowledgement of the importance of ethics requires commitment and establishment of an organizational ethical capacity in a structured and concerted way. Therefore, it is important that gover nment officials be competent in managing of the ethical dimensions of the government agencies. In order to produce sustainable ethical behavior, there is need to cultivate an ethical organizational culture or an ethical way of thinking and ethical behavior (Gotsis and Kortezi, 2010). The officials of the government agency need to set specific ethics objectives for their respective agencies, as well as designing and implementing a strategy that is geared towards achieving these objectives (Cooper, 2012). In addition, they need to institutionalize ethics, monitor and report on the ethical performance of all the employees of the agency. When looking at ethics in the government agency domain, ethics is a prerequisite for the improved performance and reputation of the government agency and therefore should be the foundation element in the government agency’s operations strategy (Gutmann and Thompson, 2006). Effective management of ethics in government agencies requires that there is a comprehensive evaluation of the nature of ethics in those agencies. The government officials of respective government agencies should engage in a concentrated effort of establishing mechanisms and criteria of

Postmodernism Essay Example for Free

Postmodernism Essay Different material, methods and media’s have been used in postmodern art, such as painting fine art, technology, architecture and fashion. A study of various types of powerful societal changes through time is tackled through art. These changes comprise of gender identity, globalisation growth, political power etc. Introduction The expression of Art has always been influential; many artists use it as a tactic to exploit political truths and ideas. Postmodernism is a â€Å"movement reacting against modernism, especially by drawing attention to former conventions† (pg821). This form of art allowed a new way of looking at reality in a society that is constantly reassessing its culture and values. Postmodern art focuses on a mixture of high and low cultures and dominant ideas; it went against repression, sexism, racism, political power, and violence. Deconstructing truths criticises and analyses contemporary issues. These deconstructionist feed on controversy, artists such as Alessandro Mendini, Andy Warhol, Jenny Holzer create colourful and ruinous, luxurious and outrageous artwork. The art allowed radical freedom to design, funny gestures confrontation and occasionally absurd. It was a style that has new self-awareness. Postmodernism rebelled against modernism; it was an attack on what had come before as it explored and disparaged any unspoken leading concepts and social customs. The disillusionment from World War II heavily influenced postmodern art. The style doesn’t have a clear central hierarchy or organising principle; it uses melancholy, extreme complexity, contradiction, ambiguity, diversity and interconnectedness. Loud colours, bold patterns, historical quotation and whit are used. During the 60s, critical practices of postmodernism were applied mainly in Italy. The idea of ‘Function follows form’ is abandoned. Exaggerated proportion and outrageous texture for the sake of decoration. Designers such as Ettore Sottsass and Alessandro Mendini who challenged social norms and the traditional taste of design. Italian born designer and architect, Alessandro Mendini played a part in postmodern design. He creates graphics, furniture, interiors, paintings and architectures. His work of ‘Destruction of the Monumento da Casa (Household Monument) is an enlarged photograph of a modernist chair. This literally displays the destroying of the past, the end of modernism and the beginning of postmodernism. It was an attack on what had come before, Mendini brought the chair to a stone quarry and set the chair on fire, photos were captured during the process in 1974. Popular culture, irony, historicism, eclecticism and pluralism are embraced by postmodernism. The artist believed that something new design would grow from the burning remains. One of the most iconic post-modern designs is the Proust armchair by Alessandro Mendini. He chose to add Signac painting as the pattern on a ready-made replica of an 18th century armchair. American language conceptual artist, Jenny Holzer is famous for her short statements. The postmodern fashion in the 80’s was a time when women were in power and this was mirrored in physicality and clothes. The artist uses modern information to expose and address the politics of discourse. The ‘Abuse of Power Comes as No Surprise’ by Hozler is one of her many controversial artworks. Jenny Hozler worked outside the regular conventions, as she believed that simplified phrases are the quickest way for everyone to comprehend. A lot of Jenny Hozler’s work victimises the woman, this method allows the audience to basically read the violence male dominance against women. Words such as ‘Crack the Pelvis so she lies right, this a mistake. When she dies you cannot repeat the act†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ the brutal yet vivid words suggest male power over women. In order to communicate to foreign countries, her work was translated multiple times. Hozler’s techniques include a range of multimedia, posters, hats, T-shirts and L. E. D signs on large architecture. She received many negative feedbacks by the public, therefore, withdrew from her career until 1993. The postmodern artist came back with a new approach to immaterial; she is still driven against murder plus sexual pleasure, hence initiated a new series named ‘Lustmord’. Fine Art is also found in post modernism. Techniques found in painting were super-realism, mannered, academic, neoclassical, decorative, and self-conscious stylization. Originality had ended and there is a lot past styles referencing. Postmodern artist, David Ligare paintings looked extremely realistic. He focused on still life painting, Ligare believes that there is no limit and virtually anything now could be considered art, hence makes him a postmodern artist. David Ligare does narrative paintings based on Greco/Toman culture. Marcel Duchamp’s artwork incorporated jokes to add humour to his visual. Duchamp has made numerous pastiche works; his most famous is the ‘L. H. O. O. Q’, which stands for ‘Elle a chaud au cul’. It was a rebel against traditional art was the dominant idea of the time. Duchamp’s added moustache and beard to the postcard with the Mona Lisa, which contradicts regular conventions of the time. He wanted to take artistry lightly; it was an act of rebel against convention. This technique became known as ‘appropriation’, it is the idea of manipulating famous historical art pieces. This practice has become common in today’s art. Andy Warhol works exemplifies the final stage of postmodernism. Warhol’s paintings had always had something controversial, as theorist Fredric Jameson states, ‘they ought to be powerful and critical political statements’ Andy Warhol is a contemporary artist, which expresses the postmodernism of society though his artistry. Through his artwork, his expression seems to be very anarchy and chaotic, especially the major use of the primary and bold colours whereas in the mainstream artistry it is very subtle due to the dark or complimentary colours which can often be seen as conservative. Warhol’s ‘Dollar Sign’ from 1981 deconstructs the truth about money. The painting suggest money’s strength, its addiction and tactic for conspiracy, His artwork were powerful and held critical political statements because they were billboard-like images. One of his pieces was of the North Korean leader, Kim John IL. Normally in society Kim John IL would not be even spoken of due to the high political power he has over North Korea. And the fragility between other nations that Kim John IL has. Andy Warhol has done a piece of this leader using contrasting and chaotic colours that seemed random and unusual. Warhol used appropriation, taking and creating pastiche references. As Andy Warhol states, â€Å"Art is what you can get away with†. Yasumasa Morimura uses humour with referencing to historical art. His postmodernist artworks have the idea of rejecting a single fixed meaning in an image or artwork. He is a controversial Japanese artist who displaces societal currents in Japanese culture. Western assimilation, capitalism and gender values are shown in his designs. Yasumasa is an illusive creator with no boundaries; this sets his work off to a guttural response. He is best known for mimicking great subjects, in particular western art. One of his works uses historical art as reference is the ‘Blinded by the Light’ 1991, which was inspired by the ‘ Parable for the Blind’ by Pieter Brueghel in 1568. Morimura symbolises a satirical message on Western invasion. Yasumasa Morimura caused controversy by highlighting historical influences and transforming into the postmodern art world with eastern and western culture, sexuality and gender identity. His background influenced Morimura’s, he was an outsider dominated by western culture and art. Technology advancement such as digital editing allowed his work to become flawless. In the racist imagination of western culture, they perceive Asian men with weak physically, equivalent to a little white girl. Morimura embraces his influences and mixes his sexual influence with modern culture. This is reflected in his series of self-portraits, e. g. Morimura as Monroe. Throughout the postmodern period, globalisation had become widespread, the artist felt as if he was invaded by foreign ideas and culture. In response, he invaded western culture through their art, by slapping his face on the Mona Lisa or the Infanta Margarita. Famous artist, Barbara Kruger exploited truths through her works of being a graphic designer, art director, and picture editor. Rather than creating her own images, she uses images and juxtaposes them. She used her techniques and skills of being a graphic designer and worked on political, social feminist provocations, religion, sex, racial and gender stereotypes, consumerism, corporate greed, and power. Her techniques consist of using media sources and words and directly collaging them over each other. Her signature look comprises of cropped, large-scale, black and white photographic pictures against black, white and red sans serif letterform. They hold raucous, pithy, ironic sayings. The poster, ‘Your Body is a battleground’ proposes the idea of re-conditioning gender stereotypes. Originally, the image was used in Washington DC to advocate a pro-choice position and reproductive rights for women. This raises the issue of power, patriarchy, stereotyping and consumption. The poster has a black and white image of a woman’s face that is split symmetrically with direct eye contact. The positive and negative space could highlight ‘good vs. bad’. Judging from the woman’s hair and makeup, she appears to be a housewife. The image represents that women cannot be sold, it illustrated a political setting and subsequently their identities are favourably polished.

I Am a Vegetarian :: Personal Narrative Essays

Why I Am a Vegetarian    In October of last year I finally became a vegetarian, meaning that I chose to not eat meat products anymore. Technically, I am a lacto-ovo vegetarian because I do eat eggs (ovo-) and milk (lacto-) on occasion and not a vegan-one who doesn't eat any animal products. My first year as a vegetarian has been very revealing. Since adopting this new identity, I have learned a lot about myself as well as others.   Here I write about why I am a vegetarian and what I have learned since becoming one. In doing so, I hope to dispel some misunderstandings about vegetarians and to reveal some unappreciated aspects about what it takes to become and remain a vegetarian. Please understand that I speak for one vegetarian and not for vegetarians in general. Although vegetarians come in many forms, they are often thought to hold to a few set positions. Unfortunately, as is often the case, ascribing all (or most) vegetarians to specific camps is improper. One suspected position claims that it is wrong (or immoral) to eat meat-an act that obviously requires the slaughtering of the animal in question. Though some vegetarians hold to this position, I do not. While it is problematic that people eat excessive amounts of meat, eating meat isn't immoral in my view. And while I don't think meat eaters are somehow wrong, I certainly can understand and respect the position that eating meat is immoral. A second stereotypic position holds that vegetarians despise meat eaters. While there are certainly vegetarians that have issues with meat eaters, I suspect they are no more than the number of meat eaters that find vegetarians objectionable for some reason or another. I believe there are many acceptable ways to think and act and, thus, I d on't begrudge those that eat meat or those that choose to think that it is immoral to do so. The two primary reasons I choose to be a vegetarian are out of consideration for health (mine and others) and a sense of obligation to live a less-demanding, more equitable life. While some might think that these motivations are noble, I hardly think so. I think they are an ample mix of selfish and collective concerns, ones that recognize my desire to live a long, healthy life and at the same time wishing and allowing the same for others.

Revolutionizing an Industry’s Supply Chain Model

Revolutionizing an Industry’s Supply Chain Model for Competitive Advantage Crocs is one of leading manufacturer and the fastest growing company in the footwear industry. While it sold its first shoe in 2003, it has reported revenue of $143 million in the second quarter of 2007. This phenomenal double digit compounding growth rate is because of its policies over its product and supply chain; eventually leading to competitive advantages over its competitors.The case opens up with a brief discussion of how Crocs came into existence at the very first place. Skipping ahead to the crucial part, the founders of Crocs (whom then were not founders yet) discovered the foam clog shoes that one of them was wearing to be very comfortable, odorless and not slippery. They thought it was likeable and marketable; thus, they decided to start the shoe company only using the foam clog. Unexpectedly it was a huge hit and words of mouth expended the customer base.With the uncontrollable increase in demand, the founders had to hire a professional to manage their company. This professional is Ronald Synder, a college friend of theirs, who was already an executive in an electronic company. With his help, Crocs has grown astoundingly over the next few years as I have discussed previously. With arrival of Ronald Synder, one of the first things he did was purchase foam creation plant in order to have control over the production.He then launched the company products worldwide and increased efforts on marketing in a very early stage. These successive attempts have significantly increased the sales revenue eventually. However, these were not his best moves that led to double digit compounding growth over the next few years. With the increase in growing demand, Ronald Synder not only acquired other plants at different locations but also agreed to increase risk with its contracted manufacturers. Such is in the case of their contracted manufacturer in China.His approach of meeting demand is different from a traditional approach in that he is determined to response even before there is an actual change in the market. Thus, when he is able to pick up signs of growing demand for a specific product, he will the product into assembly even before orders are received. That way, products always meet demand in a timely manner. This flexibility in supply chain has revolutionized the whole industry and the way things are done. In addition, this flexibility in supply chain has also given Crocs a major competitive advantage over its competitors.

Butterfly Ballot’s Case

In general, ballot devices are used by the voters to record their choice of a leader. The ballot devices are placed in a polling station so that the voters can have the complete privacy for casting his or her vote without any disturbance. Initially the ballot papers were used by the voters during the elections that were conducted in Rome 139 BC. On the other hand, in North America the first time these paper ballots were used in the elections of 1629. The elections were conducted in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in order to select a new minister for the Salem Church.Another approach for the elections was used, the secret ballot. This method was first used in Australia in the early 1850s. The design of a ballot can assist or restrain precision in the elections. Poor or weak designs can result in misunderstanding and a certain level of chaos among the voting process in case a large quaintly of constituency members messes up or mismark a ballot. During the United States Presidential elect ions in the year of 2000, another new approach known as the confusing ballot or the butterfly ballot was utilized (Marcia Lausen, 2007).Butterfly Ballots: Before going into details of a butterfly ballot, it would be more appropriate to discuss briefly about ballots in common and particularly about the punch cards. As discussed earlier, ballot is a device or may be a system which is used by the voters to cast their vote in the favor of a particular person in the elections. Mostly, people have been bringing into play paper ballots of a range of varieties for reasonably a long time. Somewhere in the mid of the twentieth century, the punch card ballots were invented.A punch card ballots registers applicants and publishes with subsequent numbered symbols. With a use of a stylus, a hole is punched into the card all the way through the mark that is embedded on the card. This is how a punch card is used to cast a vote. A category of a punch card is known as the butterfly ballot. (Lausen, Ma rcia. 2007) The butterfly ballots are structured in a way that the candidates and the issues are published on both of the sides of the card. In the middle of the card, there is a single line which contains the numbered marks.In order to cast the vote, either of the corresponding mark of the candidate is punched. Now the issue with this kind of confusing design can be that in case if a voter is in a hurry or he is with a poor vision, the casted vote can be wasted or not counted due to any error in the punching. The subject of Butterfly ballot has been an intense issue is the past few years. This intense issue took place back in the year of 2000 in United States. The issue revolved around the elections that took place in Florida using the butterfly ballot.The main area of focus in this issue was the outcome that was determined using butterfly ballots i. e. the recent Presidential elections of that year along with the extensive accusations of mismarked secret ballots (Daniel H. Pink, 2 006). Structure of a Butterfly Ballot: The well-known butterfly ballot from Florida marked two sheets of Presidential nominees. The superior applicant on the initial page was Republican, and then came in the Democratic, most important individuals to consider that the equivalent subsequent hole must be utilized to mark your ballot for the Democrat.In actual fact, the subsequent hole matched up to a Reform gathering applicant (Pat Buchanan), who escorted the listing on the following page of the secret ballot. As an end result, a lot of individuals selected and marked for the incorrect candidate by mistake, or happening to punch and then comprehended their blunder, creating grounds for a dimpled vote or lynching chads which resulted in counting ballots easier said than done, in view of the fact that the purpose of the person on the electoral roll was not comprehensible (Matthew Justin Streb, 2008). The Florida Controversy:One of the major primary focuses of the Florida controversy is t he Palm Beach Country. In 1996, during the month of November, on 9th of the month, Thursday, a number of investigators from the camp of bush were of an impression that approximately a total of sixteen thousand (16,000) voters offensively and inappropriately casted their votes and punched their ballots. Later on the ballots were declined and canceled by the district officials. Later on similarly in the year of 2000, a calculated estimation of about nineteen thousand (19,000) voters punched their votes in a wrong manner (Keith Lewis Topper, 2005).According to the camp of Bush, there wasn’t s single authority that could have challenged the elections and the kind of ballots that were used in the voting of 1996. Even the format of ballots and elections of the year 2000 were not challenged by any official or any individual. They also claim that the self-governing commissioner signed off on the 2000 ballot. This practice is to some extent partially incorrect. A large quantity of ele ctorates articulated their apprehensions with the ballot of the year 2000. Election bureaucrats in point of fact disseminated a â€Å"word of warning† soon after that in the day.If we go years back, almost to the 1980s, in 1984, a similar dispute was brought up. According to some federal review, the system was reported to be defective and damaged in 1988. Considering all these issues that happened in the past with respect to the voting, on single question that still makes the nation think is that how is possible for a huge amount of people, approximately 35,000, to make the same illegal mistake of casting unauthorized votes and are left without even by the check of an official. The unusual design of the butterfly ballot came in with a number of controversies.Characteristically, a particular side of a punch card ballot includes together the applicants and concerns to be designated on and the openings for punching. In the circumstances of the butterfly ballot, the contenders we re stretched out transversely on two pages, and the openings for punching were centered in the center of the two page stretch. In speculation, arrows were theoretical to spot from each and every applicant to the equivalent opening which required being distinct, but small misfortunes of wrong or missed registrations possibly will reason the pointers to be not in proper alignment.This made the entire situation a challenging one in order to determine which the correct hole to be punched was. In Florida, butterfly ballots were not utilized from corner to corner of the state, and numerous detractors experientially said that they were exploited in conventionally Democratic areas, reasoning the determination outcome to be twisted, as Democratic electorates were nominated for the Reform applicant to a certain extent than the Democrat they considered they were choosing for.In view of the fact that the outline of the butterfly ballot privileged the Republican contender for President, lots of citizens pointed the finger at State of Florida of challenging to manipulate the ballot vote’s consequences. Whether or not these allegations were accurate is still to be resolute, the drawing has not been extensively employed ever since, as it was obviously too puzzling for supporters; countless districts also changed to electronic selection equipment, moderately than punch card ballots (James T. Patterson, 2005).The Consequences of the Butterfly Ballot Case: In Palm Beach Florida a lot of Democrats protested concerning the butterfly ballot being unsuitable and puzzling they accumulated a lawful confrontation in opposition to the outcome of 2000 US Presidential voting. Several of the Democrats incorrectly designated for Reformist Pat Buchanan when they proposed to choose for Democrat Al Gore because of the baffling drawing of the ballot document, lots of blemished the ballot paper even as properly casting their vote or exhausted their ballot.Democrats discovered out Gore mis placed 6,607 ballots when electorates stroked other than one person's name on the county's butterfly ballot. Astonishingly there was a huge quantity of ballots in support of Reformist Pat Buchanan. One more portion of disapproval from the Democrats was the secret ballot was created by Theresa LePore, who was as well administering the voting for Palm Beach County. The arrangement was just employed in the Palm Beach region and merely for Election Day election for President (Allan J. Lichtman, 2008). A number of voters for Gore voted for Pat Buchanan.This error was one of the major reasons for the success of President Bush by just a small margin. Even though registering a number of cases against this ballot by the Al Gore camp, they lost all the trials and were not able to prove that the election was an illegal one. After all this the Supreme Court sent out a numerous decisions saying that even if the election that took place was illegal, a new election cannot be proposed to take place in any case. This remark was given by considering the fact that there is no such rule or authority to any country to conduct one election after another.On the other hand, when this case was taken to the high court, an entirely opposite approach came in the view. This approach stated towards the case declining to remark on whether a revote may possibly be prearranged for the presidential determinations releasing the case on the justifications that the butterfly ballot was in considerable fulfillment with Florida’s Law. The superior obstacle further complicated to conquer for the judges was that presently there was no obvious preparation accessible intended for such circumstances even though if it accomplished that the poll was the rationale for bewilderment among the constituency.As a result of the erroneous design of the butterfly ballot, it was impossible to decide that who actually won the elections of the year 2000. In order to open the Pandora’s Box of election ch allenges there were reasons other than the unchangeable result of the elections that was caused by a simple confusing design of a ballot paper. The other major reason to open the Box was that there was no dependable technique of shaping any rational time limit for deciding on Florida’s member of the electorates the authentic intents of these supporters (J. David Woodard, 2006).Although the case of butterfly ballot was concluded without any treat to the camp of Gore, which indeed presented this case in a strict and legal manner. A certain amount of disappointment arose in the supporters of Gore, who went to the polling station with the intention to vote Gore and then fell victim to a simple design fault. They all were disheartened for the reason that the votes that they casted for Gore were never bothered to be registered. All this disappointment has always been an emotional state for the argument of Al Gore that in reality he really would have won the state of Florida.On the other hand the bush’s followers laid the blame on the Democrats of building political affairs elsewhere of election outcomes they didn't be fond of, cautioning the Democrats that if they required to turn over the early vote in Florida there were ample of new locations in the region of the nation now supporting Al Gore where parallel oppositions possibly will be elevated. Bush’s camp was not speeding up into objects as Al Gore camp supporters; they would declare themselves the victors on the foundation of the repeated recount and remain waiting the countdown did not ended.Later on, the supporters of Bush as well released doubts about the self-styled â€Å"butterfly ballot† in Palm Beach County, in which applicant’s given names became visible on whichever area of the ballot vote sheet, with holes representing hold up for them successively down the middle. Bush’s Camp stumbled off a listing of states and regions in the order of the country where they supposed consequences at present supporting Al Gore could still be terrified release to inquiry. The Bush camp talked about the sealed presidential outcomes in Iowa, Wisconsin and New Mexico.They as well said that truant votes still being calculated in a lot of divisions of the country could constrict the edge by which Al Gore is at present captivating the general accepted vote. The outline of the meeting by the Bush camp hoisted doubts of conflicts of abrasion in which the election procedure which was previously a cliffhanger with no convinced consequences could go on and on and weaken self-confidence in the entire progression. The New York Daily News gave a statement on November 1 that the Bush camp was building tactics to take control of the November 7th voting.Bush’s assistants were organizing to commence an anti-constitutional attempt to knock over Al Gore’s conquest if Bush accomplished something in winning the accepted vote (Benjamin E. Griffith, 2008). Conclusi on: The cause there were 35,000 canceled ballets and not a particular criticism is that electorate were uninformed they had created a mistake As a number of citizens take part in an election merely one time every four years, the need of knowledge with the process work to add to the fringe of mistake.The Supreme Court detained that the Florida Supreme Court's preparation for unfolding votes was illegal, as well as a 5-4 choice that ruined the Florida recount and permitted Florida to confirm its ballots. References Lausen, Marcia. 2007. Design for Democracy: Ballot and Election Design. Published by University of Chicago Press Pink, Daniel H. 2006. A Whole New Mind: Why Right-Brainers Will Rule the Future. Published by Riverhead Books Streb, Matthew Justin. 2008. Rethinking American Electoral Democracy. Published by Taylor & Francis Topper, Keith Lewis. 2005.The Disorder of Political Inquiry. Published by Harvard University Press Patterson, James T. 2005. Restless Giant: The United Sta tes from Watergate To Bush V. Gore. Published by Oxford University Press US Lichtman, Allan J. 2008. The Keys to the White House: A Surefire Guide to Predicting the Next President. Published by Rowman & Littlefield Woodard, J. David. 2006. The America that Reagan Built. Published by Greenwood Publishing Group Griffith, Benjamin E. 2008. America Votes! A Guide to Modern Election Law and Voting Rights. Published by American Bar Association

Alcohol related crime drops after introduction of Essays

Alcohol related crime drops after introduction of Essays Alcohol related crime drops after introduction of new licensing laws (08 February 2006 16:06) Alcohol related crime has fallen in the months after the introduction of new licensing laws in England and Wales, according to the latest Home Office figures. Figures from the six-week Alcohol Misuse Enforcement Campaign (AMEC), which ran from November through the Christmas period, showed violent crime was down 11%. [pic]Critics of the licensing liberalisation, which began on the 24 November, had predicted longer opening hours would lead to soaring levels of violence as binge drinkers drank around the clock. However, the new figures show this has not been the case. Serious violent crime related to alcohol fell 21% during the period, which was the biggest drop of all previous alcohol crackdowns. Mark Hastings, director of Communications at the British Beer & Pub Association, said: "Clearly, the combination of flexible opening hours and law enforcement is having a positive impact. The projections of Government and the industry have proved far closer to the truth than the prophesies of the peddlers of doom and gloom." Culture secretary Tessa Jowell said: "Thanks to the new licensing laws, the police and local authorities have joined forces to use tougher powers to deal with the problem [disorder] at source." By Chris Druce In 08 February 2006 new licensing law was introduced. According to the Home Office figures alcohol related crime has fallen in the months after the introduction of new laws in England and Wales,. Moreover serious violent crime related to alcohol fell 21% during the period, because of longer opening of the pubs. As Mark Hastings, director of communication at British Beer and pub association, said: "clearly, the combination of flexible opening hours and law enforcement is having a positive impact. The projections of Government and the industry have proved far closer to the truth than the prophesies of the peddlers of doom and gloom." Culture secretary Tessa Jowell said: "Thanks to the new licensing laws, the police and local authorities have joined forces to use tougher powers to deal with the problem [disorder] at However it is still a problem for a many people. Research has shown that brief interventions are most effective when they are preformed by someone patients consider an authority figure, someone who they already trust or someone with whom they already feel comfortable. These interventions have been successful with both younger and older patients, and with both men and women. Interventions that include personal follow-up are more effective than a single-contact intervention. What alcohol does to your mind and body The immediate effects of alcohol on the human body are fairly apparent, but have you ever thought about the other side-effects? We don't just mean headaches and nausea - alcohol is thought to be highly calorific and can pose long term threats to our health. . Why does alcohol seem to make me put on weight? . What are the good and bad effects? . New research about alcohol Why does alcohol seem to make me put on weight? It's just a question of maths! Approximately 3,500 calories will produce one pound of fat. Alcohol is full of calories, so, two or three G&Ts a day for four weeks will fatten you up by about 4lbs. |Drink |Number of calories | |1 pint of beer or lager |180 - 300 | |1 vodka and orange |140 | |1 gin and tonic |140 | |1 whisky and dry ginger |145 | |1 rum and coke |145 | |1 glass of white wine |85 | Even worse news is that alcohol has no essential nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. [pic] What are the good and bad effects? Alcohol affects everyone's health in different ways - but the good things are still outweighed by the bad. Mind and emotions Alcohol is a drug that depresses the brain. We all know the cheeriness that can come with the first drink, but alcohol can actually cause severe depression. 'Letting go', another effect which can initially be pleasant, gets some of us into difficulties, because when our petty or angry side gets exaggerated by alcohol, friendships or marriages can be threatened. Does alcohol improve sex? Alcohol can certainly increase our desire and, by reducing tension, enhance our enjoyment. In men however, large doses of alcohol block the nerves necessary for erection. If this happens once or twice, a man can become worried about his sexual ability - which is a sure way to impair erections from then on - unless confidence is re-established with a sympathetic partner. In addition, the loss of inhibition that accompanies alcohol intake can lead to a failure to consider the

Recycling Composite Materials

Recycling Composite Materials Composite materials, known for their durability, high strength, excellent quality, low maintenance, and low weight, are widely being used in automotive, construction, transport, aerospace and renewable energy industries. Their use in  numerous  engineering applications is a result of the edge composites provides over traditional materials. Recycling and disposal of composite materials is an issue that is being increasingly addressed, as it should with any widely used material. Previously, there were very limited commercial recycling operations for mainstream composite materials due to technological and economic constraints but RD activities are on the rise. Recycling Fiberglass Fiberglass is a versatile material that provides  tangible  potential over conventional materials such as wood, aluminum, and steel. Fiberglass is produced by using less energy and is used in products which result in fewer carbon emissions. Fiberglass offers advantages of being light weight yet has high mechanical strength, impact resistant, is chemical, fire and corrosion resistant, and a good thermal and electrical insulator. Even though fiberglass is extremely useful for the reasons previously listed, an end of life solution is needed. Current FRP composites with thermoset resins do not biodegrade. For many applications where fiberglass is used, this is a good thing. However, in landfills, this is not.   Research has lead to methods such as grinding, incineration, and pyrolysis being used for recycling fiberglass. The recycled fiberglass finds its way in various industries and can be used in various end products. For instance, recycled fibers have been effective in reducing shrinkage in concrete thereby increasing its durability. This concrete can be used best in freezing temperate zones for concrete floors, pavements, sidewalks, and curbs. Other uses for recycled fiberglass include being used as a filler in resin, which can increase  mechanical  properties in certain applications. Recycled fiberglass has also found its use together with other products such as recycled tire products, plastic wood products, asphalt, roofing tar and cast polymer  countertops. Recycling Carbon Fiber Carbon fiber composite materials are ten times stronger than steel and eight times that of aluminum, along with being much lighter than both materials. Carbon fiber composites have found their way into the manufacturing of aircraft and spacecraft parts, automobile springs, golf club shafts, racing car bodies, fishing rods, and more. With the current annual worldwide carbon fiber consumption being at 30,000 tons, most waste goes to the landfill. Research has been conducted to extract the high-value carbon fiber from end-of-life components and from manufacturing scrap, with the goal to use them for creating other carbon fiber composites. Recycled carbon fibers are used in bulk molding compounds for smaller, nonload-bearing components, as a sheet-molding compound and as recycled materials in load-bearing shell structures. The recycled carbon fiber is also finding uses in phone cases, laptop shells and even water bottle cages for bicycles. Future of Recycling Composite Materials Composite materials are preferred for many engineering applications because of its durability and superior strength. Proper waste disposal and recycling at the end of the useful life of composite materials is necessary.  Many current and future waste management and environmental legislation will mandate engineering materials to be properly recovered and recycled, from products such as automobiles, wind turbines, and aircraft that have lived their useful life. Although many technologies have been developed such as mechanical recycling, thermal recycling, and chemical recycling; they are on the brink of being fully commercialized. Extensive research and development are being done to develop better recyclable composites and recycling technologies for composite materials. This will contribute to the sustainable development of composites industry.

The Pilgrimage to Mecca Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Pilgrimage to Mecca - Essay Example This religious journey is referred to as Hajj in Arabic. Most consider the visit to Mecca as beneficial but it is recommended to make the pilgrimage during the last month of the Islamic calendar also known as Dhu al-Hijja. By doing this, one will have fulfilled the requirements of Hajj. I personally chose to make the pilgrimage during this period and the experience was priceless.I come from Kuwait which is a neighboring nation to Mecca. I was in the company of my father and elder brother and together our Hajj began back at home in Kuwait, where we put on the ihram, a dressing that is made up of two white sheets put on by all men during Hajj. Before leaving, my dad helped me tie one of the sheets around the waist, and wrapped the other around the shoulders. As he did this, I could feel the anticipation and anxiety in his breath and I could almost hear his heart beating next to me. The case was indifferent with my elder brother who kept saying that his ultimate dream was about to be fu lfilled. Upon arrival to Mecca, I could now understand the significance of ihram. All male Muslims are required to put on this attire during Hajj. I noticed that it would be hard to differentiate people under this state. All people became equal; young, old, poor, rich among others. On arrival to Mecca, my imaginations and anticipations were stunned by the scene of the Ka’ba. Ka’ba is the Holy place of Allah and when I finally stood before it, I realize the magnitude of emotions going through me were more than I could handle. Mecca is also graced with the Masjid al-Haram mosque which stands out uniquely. It is one of the most beautiful and attractive mosques I have ever seen. At this stage, we performed the tawaf which entails going round the Ka’ba seven times. As we do this, we recited the talbiya, and then followed by kissing the Black Stone  found in the Ka'ba.

The Effects of Alcohol Consumption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Effects of Alcohol Consumption - Essay Example Nevertheless, moderate drinking refers to taking a maximum of two drinks in a day, though there is a notion that the amount of alcohol that is moderate and safe for individuals depends on the age, sex, weight and other factors. In addition, a standard drink should have ten grams of alcohol, and it is served in typical size glasses while a glass of wine is considered equitable to two standard drinks when served in two hundred milliliter glass. Moreover, there are labels on the bottles of alcoholic drinks that indicate the standard drink contained. However, despite this information reasonable ideas concerning alcohol, people are still abusing alcohol and this leads to some effects. Therefore, this paper will seek to discuss the effects of alcohol consumption on human beings, whereby different psychosocial complications related to consumption of alcohol will be explored. There have been increased rates of alcohol consumption in different parts of the world, and this has led to drawing attentions to the public health concerning the implications of alcohol consumption. In fact, resent studies have depicted that the increased rate of alcohol consumption around the globe contributes significantly to the rise in cases of disability and death. Therefore, there are harmful effects of alcohol consumption on the health due to an increased chance of developing an addiction, which results to be a significant concern for a long period. Consequently, this has led to the need for recognizing alcohol consumption as a risk factor contributing to transmission of numerous communicable diseases, accidents, social and domestic violence. In addition, different patterns of dinking have an influence on the results of the long-term effects of intoxication causing health and social problems. The Absorption of alcohol occurs in the stomach through the small intestines, after which it is distributed to the other organs, and tissues via the blood circulation. However, there is a substantial amount of alcohol absorbed by the liver at a high rate, and it is broken down to form carbon dioxide water and energy. After the alcohol is consumed, the chemicals are excreted via the kidneys, which entail approximately ninety-eight percent alcohols and the two to five percent, through sweat, breath and urine. After the intake of alcohol, there are numerous organs in the body that are affected leading to medical complications such as severe damage on the stomach lining, continual liver damage, and loss of intellectual function. Other severe problem occurs after consumption of alcohol and prolonged use, though some of these problems are treatable, but in some instances, the damage caused may be permanent. One effect of alcohol consumption relates causing a disease referred to as gastric and acid peptic disease, which is associated with effect on the lining of the stoma ch that results to serious damage known as gastritis (Bujanda, 3382). The symptoms of this condition are vomiting during instances of heavy drinking while there is other severe gastritis affects common consumers of excess alcohol without eating food. Consequently, this result to a repeated damage on the stomach lining, which results to hyperacidity also referred to as a disease called acid peptic. The other consequence relates to the alcoholic liver disease (ALD), which results from severe complications of long-term consumption of alcohol. Moreover, there are stages associated with the condition, which are identified through

Critque of Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critque of Paper - Essay Example is vital, to prevent the escalation of the disorders, which is likely to cause more harm to the individuals themselves through self injury, as well as damaging actions to the wide society. The paper employs empirical research method of research. This is so because it applies an observation of the activities/operations taking place in various residential treatment facilities, in a comparison manner with the institution in question. The aim is to establish where it falls in this category of institution, based on its performance in residential treatment. The unit of analysis applied in this paper is the residential treatment program. The paper compares the success of different treatment programs. It also seeks to establish the relationship between the staff to patient ratio, and its impact on the performance of these institutions. The paper also tried to seek the relationship between the state licensing/certification of the staff, and the program performance. The aim was to know whether the certification affects performance, which was found to be unlikely. The type of data collected is nominal (Richard). This refers to that data that use names in establishing relationships. The paper is developed based on a set of treatment programs, compared per their performance. Ordinal data are also used in this paper. The treatment programs are ranked based on their percentage performance in patient treatment. Ratio data are also collected and used in this paper. There has been a computation of the staff to patient ratio. This is then applied to seek whether there is a relationship between this ratio and the program performance. The paper has applied various data collection tools. The rating scale is one of them, where the programs are rated in success percentage (Richard). Document review is also applied as a tool, since information regarding to staff and patient numbers are obtained from the programs’ documents. Institutional schedule is yet another tool employed. The paper

Market segmentation: Australia

Market segmentation: Australia ABSTRACT Market Segmentation recognizes that people differ in their tastes, needs, attitudes, lifestyles, family size, and composition, etc â€Å"It is a deliberate policy of maximising demand by directing marketing efforts at significant sub-groups of customers of consumers† (Chisnall, 1985: 264). ‘Segmentation involves viewing a heterogeneous market as a number of smaller, more homogeneous markets (Smith, 1956). ‘These smaller markets can be distinguished by different consumer needs, characteristics, or behaviour. For segmentation to be managerially useful, each segment needs to be accessible, measurable, and substantial (Kotler, 1980). ‘The report focuses on the particular case of â€Å"Tourism Australia†, which promotes Australia as a tourism destination internationally and domestically and delivers research and forecasts for the sector. (Tourism Australia, 2009) Why segment a destination? It identifies the destinations potential customers It enables the organization and other travel agencies and tour operators to focus their marketing on the customers who will be most likely to buy the services that are on offer. Enhanced profits for business Helps improve customer service. Kick-starts competition in specific parts of the market INTRODUCTION Tourism Australia is a statutory authority of the Australian Government, which promotes Australia as a tourism destination internationally and domestically and delivers research and forecasts for the sector. Established on 1 July 2004, Tourism Australia brings together the collective skills and knowledge of four separate organisations: the Australian Tourist Commission, See Australia, the Bureau of Tourism Research and Tourism Forecasting Council. In a strategic planning process Market Segmentation is a stepping step which recognizes that peoples need, desire, and expect different characteristics from products or services that they experience or purchase. Under the Tourism Australia Act (2004), Tourism Australia has a statutory obligation to help foster a sustainable tourism industry in Australia. Sustainable tourism is in the buzz now, and is one of the many key segments, that Tourism Australia focuses on. The Tourism White Paper is an AustralianGovernment tourism initiative,designed to achieve industry growth and provide greater synergy across all areas. It provides framework for structural change to more effectively support Australias tourism industry. ‘Tourism Australia and their Market Segmentation: Tourism Australia concentrates on Demographic and Psychographic segment wherein mainly it attracts youth travellers and other interests and leisure travellers. 1. Demographic Understanding demographics is vital to service/product development and segmentation, especially with regard to understanding trends in the market place. Demography includes the study of age, sex, education, family status, life cycle etc., which acts as an excellent tool for a Destination Management Company or a Travel Board to attract more tourists and travellers to their country. In the case of Tourism Australia and this report I have chosen to concentrate on ‘Lifecycle laying emphasis on ‘Youth Market. 1.1 Lifecycle: 1.1.1. The Youth Market: They have lower than average incomes, high energy approach to travel; they are more likely to undertake â€Å"backpacker tourism, adventure sports, and other activities on offer that generate high adrenaline. Focusing on ‘Tourism Australia as a potential attractor to the ‘Youth Market there are a few most appealing segments that the marketing team concentrates on. 1.1.1a. Nature is the most appealing experience to youth travellers with high appeal in all markets. Australias wild flora, fauna, its scenic beauty acts as a perfect getaway and holiday destination for youth of this generation. Australia has a lot on offer like sea, sand, sun, surf, bungee jumping, parasailing, etc., which attract youths and also see to it that they are connected to nature and still maintain the ecology. 1.1.1b. Coastal Lifestyle experience is also very appealing to youth traveller. It portrays a very classic Australia outdoor lifestyle and provides a whole lot of fun and thrill at the same time. Travellers get to meet new people, mix and learn the lifestyle of the locals and enjoy the fun environment the destination has to offer. 1.1.1c. Aboriginal Australia is of moderate appeal to youth traveller. The Aboriginal Australia is very historical and cultural, but not many are interested in undertaking this segment of tourism that the country has to offer. It calls for less interaction and very minimal socialising, whereas youth prefer the opposite. ( Aboriginal Tourism Australia ). 1.1.1d. Outback Australia and Food Wine are less appealing to youth travellers and are not currently perceived as being unique to Australia. While the outdoor, relaxed nature of this experience has appeal, in general it is seen as an expected element of a holiday. There is an opportunity for Australia to promote accessible and affordable quality food wine experiences to the youth market. There are opportunities to reposition these experiences for the youth market to make them more relevant to this segment (Marketing Resource, Tourism Australia, 2009). 1.1.2. The Family Market: ‘In accordance with segments created by Tourism Australia, the family market constitutes of the above average education and income, most affluent of the other lifecycles. They tend to be shorter-haul travellers because of their busy lifestyles work and also are mostly accompanied with children Most of the travellers falling under this category of the market focus on soothing vacation holidays, so that they are rejuvenated after a hectic schedule of work and life and are ready to get going till the next vacations (Marketing Resource, Tourism Australia, 2009). 1.1.3. The Mature Market: ‘Mature-aged travellers are defined aseither domestic or international visitors aged 55 years and over. They are well educated and affluent and more likely to seek out exploratory vacation activities. Most travellers in this segment of lifecycle segmentation are more likely to visit destinations and other attractions for either exploratory or research work (Marketing Resource, Tourism Australia, 2009). 1.1.4 The Senior Market: The senior market consists of travellers are likely of all the above segments to seek out exploratory vacation experiences, much less likely to view vacations as opportunities for relaxation. Above average participation in natural sightseeing, they will be less active in outdoor activities. They rely more on printed material and television for travel opportunities and information. One of the most prominent holidays that travellers in this market look out to is â€Å"Cruise holiday†. Although the might be the smallest segment, special attention should be paid to the seniors market, as its members look for exploratory experiences and prefer value-added components such as guided services (Marketing Resource, Tourism Australia, 2009). Limitations of Family/ Lifecycle approach: This approach gives little or no explanation for differences in consumption patterns as compared to psychographic or lifestyles, demographics says nothing regarding motivations and the value structures which guide the travellers or visitors behaviour. (Moutinho, 2002) 2. Psychographic This type of segmentation divides the market into groups according tocustomers lifestyles.It considers a number of potentialinfluences on buying behaviour, including the attitudes, expectations and activities of consumers.The main types of psychographic segmentation are: lifestyle (different lifestyle patterns), Activities, Interests and Opinions (AIO). Purpose of visit classification enables Tourism Australia to identify the nature of its visitor base and to plan activities accordingly. It also enables the identification of geographical/seasonal variations in tourism by purpose. In accordance with the case of analysing the segment markets of Tourism Australia, after the reading, I found that they segment their potential tourist market mainly on the basis of ‘Interests. The following are the various sub-segments and niche markets classified: 2.1 Interests (Trip Segmentation or Activity Segmentation) 2.1.1. Backpacker Tourism: ‘International backpacker visitation has continued to increase by approximately 3% per year since 2000 to reach 566,000 visitors. There were 500,000 domestic backpackers in 2007. (Backpacker Snapshot, 2009) ‘Spending more time in Australia, these travellers tend to explore considerably more of the country. Many backpackers participate in working holidays enabling them to stay longer in the country ‘(Tourism Australia Corporate, 2009). 2.1.2. Education Tourism: An education tourism visitor can be associated as an international traveller whose main reason for coming to Australia is education and length of stay is less than twelve months. This is a very attractive segment that was put forward by Tourism Australia in collaboration with tourism boards of other territories in the country, since Australia is one amongst the leading education grounds for many international students. 2.1.3 Taste and Try: Travellers coming into Australia as â€Å"learners† are inexperienced travellers attracted to â€Å"trendy† well known destinations in and around Australia, like Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and Brisbane. ‘They highly depend on recommendations from experienced travellers, usually visit destinations with numerous attractions; they look out for sun, sea, sand and nightlife. The top travellers of destination motivation for the Taste Try segment include: friends who have visited Australia and its tourist attractions and also to visit family who live at the destination (Australian Tourism Commission Report). In 2006 the International and National Visitor Surveys undertook a survey specifically for Food and Wine Visitors. This survey probed awareness of Australia as a gourmet culinary destination. â€Å"Food and wine visitors aredefined as any holiday or leisure traveller who stated that one of their reasons for taking the trip was to experience Australias food or wine†(Tourism Research Australia International and National Visitor Surveys, 2007). 2.1.4: Roots- Exploring the heritage Travellers under this segment travel to places that they feel a connection to, through heritage. Travelling may include with or to visit friends and family. Most travellers under this segment show keen interest in to learn the local languages and are very concerned about various threats that the particular destination or country as a whole faces. 2.1.5: Adventure Tourism: The sub- segment of Adventure Tourism has helped Tourism Australia to grasp a whole lot of travellers to come to the country and indulge in the various adventure sports and activities, which bring significant gains to regional and national economies. According to the BTR International Visitor Survey, 2003, it was found that, nearly 2.2 million international travellers undertook adventure activities and spent 77.5 million nights in Australia in the year 2003. These travellers spent an estimated $6.7 billion in 2003 in Australia, accounting for 60 per cent of total expenditure by all international travellers. 2.1.6 Business Tourism: Business tourists spend more money per night than holiday visitors. Their main mode of transport is air and car hire resulting in high-yield for the car hire industry and the airlines. These visitors provide improved business communication, and help to promote Australian products and services overseas. This in turn generates additional income and employment within Australia. A research conducted by Tourism Australia, 2004, stated that business tourism is a very important high yield sector of the tourism industry. In 2003, visitors who travelled mainly for business purposes spent $11 billion in Australia, accounting for 17 per cent of all tourism expenditure in that year. Hence the segment proved vital and very fruitful to the organization and the destination (Source: Tourism Research Australia International and National Visitor Surveys, 2007). 2.1.7 Indigenous Tourism: â€Å"Indigenous tourism is defined as participating in an activity that gives Indigenous people the chance to tell their story, in their way, sharing cultural insights, traditional practices and contemporary concerns with non-indigenous Australians and international visitors† (Robertson-Friend, 2003). In 2003, about 5 per cent (214 000) of all international visitors visited an indigenous community and nine per cent (411 000) of international visitors experienced the Indigenous arts and crafts and cultural displays during their stay (Australia Tourism Research Report Volume 6 Number 1, 2004). The rise in the number of visitors visiting the country and looking for indigenous tourism is because of the appropriate segmentation and the marketing the specific program to the right target markets. 2.1.10 Cruise Tourism: Larry Dwyer and Peter Forsyth state that Cruise Tourism is one of the major growth areas of world tourism (Dwyer and Forsyth, cited in Peisley, 1992; Hobson, 1993; Cruise Lines International Association, 1995). â€Å"Cruise tourism has been identified as a key growth area within inbound and domestic tourism and Tourism Australia has increased its focus on this market segment. Cruise shipping as a segment, proved beneficial to the board. A study conducted by Cruise Down Under, 2006 revealed that the total income generated by the cruise shipping industry in Australia was approximately $438.8 million in 2005/06 compared to $228.1 million in 2004/05, including direct expenditure of approximately $256.6 million† (Tourism Australia, 2009- Markets) Limitations of segmenting the tourist market according to interests are that participation in a specific activity is a sound basis for defining a segment. It could simply be one of the several activities that constitute the overall destination experience. For example; the fact that 80% of tourists say they engaged in surfing at a destination does not mean that they see themselves as a special interest group of ‘surfers. Conclusion Tourism Australia has a number of resources and opportunities available to assist tourism industry operators target leisure, business events and niche markets. Tourism Australia segments its market into all the four bases of segmentations that usually all marketers do. It uses geographical- focuses on domestic tourists and visitors as well as international tourists and visitors. Tourism Australia runs special marketing programmes that focus entirely on domestic tourism, which can be interpreted as to how TA has segmented its market in and out of the country. Demographic Segmentation is also used in their STP plan but, doesnt yield high results as compared to the rest. Demographic segmentation doesnt keenly concentrate on what a visitor is looking at, but just segments the market on actual figures like age, gender, incomes, family and its lifecycle, etc,. The best and most efficient segment that Tourism Australia derived and uses it to its fullest is the Psychographic segmentation, with dedicated significance on ‘interests of the visitor. Various segments like, ecotourism, backpacker tourism, cruise tourism, spa and wellness tourism, beach tourism, golf tourism, adventure tourism and other such sub segments and types of tourism were created keeping in mind the previous years data and facts. On the basis of research and results, these segments were derived at which proved to be beneficial to the Australian Tourism Board in terms of monetary benefits as well as benefits to the visitor, where in they can easily identify their preferred segment. Behavioural segmentation is also observed in the marketing and segmenting of the destination by Tourism Australia, with focus on social-status and occasions. Many new segments are created time after time, keeping occasions in mind, like, special tour packages on Boxing Day, Christmas and New Years, and also a special program that is dedicated to the aborigines of the continent Island. After studying the bases of segmentation that Tourism Australia has put into practice and relating it to the past results, facts, figures and the various researchs that are undertaken to study how beneficial the whole segmentation process has been, it is quite a happy news for the Australian Tourism Board as well as for the Tourism Research Australia Organization.